What do you want to cultivate bitter gourd in winter? Cultivation of bitter gourd in the greenhouse is a short-day plant. The requirements for the length of the light are not strict, the light is not resistant to the shade, the temperature is warm, not cold, and the wet is not resistant. Therefore, the following small series of Huinong.com brought the endangered cultivation techniques of bitter gourd to the vegetable farmers!
The temperature required for growth and development is 15-30 °C, the suitable temperature for seed germination is 30-35 °C, and the suitable flowering temperature is 20-25 °C. It requires 85% relative humidity and relative humidity of the soil, but it is not suitable for water accumulation. It is easy to break the roots, the leaves are yellow, the light will affect the results, and the plants will die.
In the winter, the anti-seasonal production is mainly covered by plastic film, added with plastic greenhouses, artificially assisted pollination and other means for cultivation. It can be marketed in March of the next year, and the following points should be made in cultivation.
First, soil selection and land preparation
Choose to avoid the wind and the sun is convenient to drain, the soil is fertile and loose, and the sandy soil with high organic matter content. When the soil dry humidity is suitable, the cultivated land will be used once a week before planting, and 50 kg of compound fertilizer will be applied after the mu, and the whole grain size will be adjusted according to the standard of 1.4 m.
Second, the variety selection
The white-skinned and long-conical varieties with obvious surface-like protrusions, thick stems and low branching nodes were selected, and the yield was higher and the quality was better.
Third, planting time
As an off-season planting, the temperature required for the growth of bitter gourd must be considered, especially for the flowering of bitter gourd. Therefore, whether it is live or nutrient seedlings, it should be appropriate to transplant at the end of November and in the middle of November.
Fourth, the greenhouse cover
The width of the greenhouse is about 7 meters, and the distance from the ground is 2.5 meters. The height of the two sides is 1.6 meters. The height of the greenhouse can be arranged 5 inches, and the width of each width is 1.4 meters. The cover is better from north to south, with a length of 50 and 60 meters per shed. The material of the southern greenhouse can be selected from the all-steel scaffolding produced by the factory or the bow-shaped shed with bamboo. In the north, it is necessary to use a winter-heating greenhouse with good thermal insulation effect.
Five, seed germination
Soak the seeds for 3-4 hours before germination, then soak them in warm water at 50 °C for 10 minutes, then dip them with a thousandth of carbendazim solution for 10 hours. Wash them and wrap them in a damp cloth for germination. The temperature is controlled for the first two days. 30 ° C, the third day is controlled at about 20-25 ° C, when the bud grows 2 mm, it can be sown. In the process of germination, the first germination must be sown first.
Six, reasonable seedlings
Before sowing, first wet the nutrition cup, 1-2 seeds per cup of sowing seeds, cover the substrate 1-2 cm after sowing, and then pour enough water, try to keep the temperature inside the shed at 30 °C, if the temperature is too low, after sowing The seedling cup is covered with a film and the film is uncovered when the seedling is released. At normal temperature, emergence in 5-7 days, 14-16 days after sowing, the two true leaves are fully unfolded, and the third true leaf can be colonized when it begins to emit. Live field or nutrient nutrient points are small, and it is necessary to apply a seedling fertilizer 5-7 days after emergence, and use 800 times liquid Jiameihong to root or root.
Seven, field management
The root regenerative ability of bitter gourd is weak, and it is necessary to bring more soil when transplanting. The planting density varies greatly depending on the cultivation method, cultivation season and variety. Planting in spring is sparse, planting density is higher in summer and autumn, and planting density in large top type is greater than that in long body type. In Guangdong and Hainan, many places are used for planting or flat shed cultivation. At present, long-leaf bitter melons are mainly cultivated by herringbone or flat shed.
1. Herringbone planting
The plant spacing is 60-80 cm, the row spacing is 1.6-2 m, 500-700 plants per acre, and 125-150 g per mu. The main advantage is that the frame is more labor-saving. The disadvantage is that the operation in the field is difficult, and it takes a lot of work to lead the vines. The fruit often suffers from poor color due to insufficient light.
2, flat shed planting
The plant spacing is 80-100 cm, the row spacing is 1.8-2.2 m, 300-600 plants per acre, and 75-100 g per mu. The main advantages: the fruit is good in commodity, the field is easy to operate, saves time and labor, and the harvesting period is longer. The disadvantage is that the scaffolding takes a lot of time and the material cost in some areas is high.
3. Cultivation management
(1) Watering: A large amount of water is needed during the growth and fruiting of bitter gourd. Water should be poured when planting, and the cultivated fields should be kept moist as much as possible, especially in the case of high temperature and sunny days. At the same time, due to the resistance to bitter gourd, cultivated fields should be ridged and have good irrigation and drainage facilities. In storms and continuous rainy days, timely drainage should be required to keep the fields from being soaked. If it is planted at a relatively low temperature (average temperature below 18 °C), water control is needed in the early stage to enhance the cold resistance of the plant.
(2) Topdressing: The growth of bitter gourd and the result require a large amount of fertilizer, usually every 5-10 days. The first top dressing is carried out about 5 days after the planting, and 1000 times of the Jiajiali bonus of 800 kg per mu is used to raise the seedling fertilizer, and the soil is promoted by roots. After 5-7 days, the fertilization is applied once every time, the concentration is from thin to thick, and Each time you increase 2 kg of Hailibao, promote flower bud differentiation, and apply 3-4 times when vines are introduced.
When starting to insert bamboo vines, it is necessary to apply a heavy fertilizer to promote the development of flower organs and increase the rate of sitting.
After the results, the fertilizer is applied every time (7-10 days) after harvesting. Timely supplement organic activated nutrition to promote root growth, while spraying 800 times liquid Jiamei brain platinum or gold spots to prevent premature senescence of leaves.
(3) Inserting bamboo vines and pruning: The bitter gourd plants grow vigorously, and the vines are slender. It is necessary to frame the vines in time. Generally, the double rows are inserted into the herringbone frame or the scaffolding. When the seedlings are 40-50 cm long, the vines should be introduced. On the shelves, in order to avoid the stalks concentrated on the top, it is better to slant upwards, and every 5-6 knots, tie the vines. There are many branches of bitter gourd. In order to concentrate the nutrients on the stems and several main side vines, the side vines are removed before the initial flowering period. The main vines are only 1 metre below and only 1-2 strong side vines are selected for flowering, and the rest are Side vines are removed. The main vine and the side vine will continue to branch during the growth period, and the whole vine will be carried out every 15-20 days, and the weak branches will be removed, leaving strong branches, so as to avoid nutrient consumption, plant tightness and airtightness, etc. Phenomenon, play the role of the main vine and the main side vine in the result. After harvesting for a period of time (usually after 1 month), there will be a situation in which the scaffolding is sealed and the result is greatly reduced. At this time, the weak branches and the old leaves are removed in large quantities, so that a large number of new vines are extracted to maintain a strong result. This is also an important measure to capture high yields.
(4) Temperature and humidity adjustment: During the whole growing season, the greenhouse should be covered with a white plastic film. When the temperature in the shed reaches 27-30 °C, the scaffold film should be rolled up for ventilation. When the temperature in the shed reaches 33 ° C or above, increase the ventilation. The air humidity is high on rainy days and proper ventilation is required.
(5) Artificial pollination: Since bitter gourd is a monoecious flower, it is necessary to carry out artificial supplementary pollination. Must be mastered during pollination; on the day of the flowering of the male and female flowers. It is observed that when the temperature reaches 15-30 °C, the morning of 6:00-10:30 is the flowering period, and basically does not bloom in the afternoon. Generally, a male flower can be matched with 4 female flowers. When the bitter gourd is flowering, the male flower is removed, and the pollen of the male flower is attached to the head of the female flower. The female flower after insemination is slowly inflated, and the fruit can be harvested in about 20 days.
(6) Pest control: The anti-season planting of bitter gourd disease is more serious than that in the normal season, mainly including blight, blight, powdery mildew, etc.; insects have melon flies, aphids, whitefly and so on. Disease occurrence has a great relationship with plant growth and development and temperature. It is necessary to diligently check early prevention and early treatment, and the prevention and control of pests should be timely.
Blight: Starting from the tip or leaf edge of the leaf, the shape of the lesion is irregular, the circumference is not obvious, and the initial dark green, water-stained, and then brown. The lesion can be enlarged to the whole or the majority of the leaves. When wet, a white mold is formed at the junction of the lesions.
Control agent: During the onset period, use 75% chlorothalonil 500 times solution or 80% sensitized zinc 700 times liquid spray or 25% dystrophic WP 1000 times solution or 58% Redolmul Mn-Zn WP 500 times. Liquid or 72% gram of wettable powder 500-800 times liquid control. The spray is required to be thoughtful and meticulous. All leaves, fruits and nearby ground should be sprayed, sprayed once every 7-10 days, for a total of three or four times.
Fusarium: In the early stage of the disease, the plants showed wilting during the day and returned to normal at night. After repeated days, the whole plant died of wilting. In the early stage of the disease, the root soil of the plant can be watered with 70% methyl thiophanate 1500 times solution or carbendazim 1000 times solution, and the dosage is about 300 ml per plant.
Powdery mildew: In the process of flowering and melon, the leaves are covered with white powder, causing premature senescence of the plants, resulting in gaps in flowering melons and young melons, shortening the maturity period. When there are white powder on the leaves, 15% powder rust WP 1500-2000 times liquid, or 20% rust emulsifiable oil 2500 times liquid or 75% chlorothalonil 800-1000 times should be used every 7-10 days. Spray on the foliage once and spray continuously for 3-4 times. The front and back sides of the leaves of the plants must be sprayed evenly, and the control effect can be higher. In the greenhouse, use chlorothalonil smoke to smoke, and cure downy mildew and powdery mildew. When spraying, pay attention to spraying evenly at the middle and lower leaves and the back of the leaves. In the early stage of the disease, spray once every 7-10 days, 2-3 times in a row, can achieve better control effect.
Melon flies: The larvae are smashed into the melon, causing the young melon to be deformed and turn color in advance, and then decay and deteriorate, and also emit a foul smell. In the juvenile period, the acre is sprayed with 2.5% deltamethrin 3000 times solution or 1.8% avermectin 1500 times solution, and the deformed fruit is removed in time, and it is burned or buried deep outside the concentrated garden.
Aphids, whitefly mites: harming leaves, sucking juice, weakening plants, affecting flowering and melons, spreading viruses, aggravating the occurrence and harm of viral diseases. When it is found that there are aphids on the leaves, the selection of 10% imidacloprid 1500 times liquid or 25% Aketai 3000 times liquid spray control.
Eight, harvest
Bitter gourd enters the harvesting period 12-16 days after flowering. The standard of harvesting is that the shoulder tumor is thick and full, the tumor groove becomes shallow, the color changes from dark green to bright green, and the peel is shiny. The quality of bitter gourd harvested at the right time is the best. It is harvested too early, the flesh is not full, the harvest is too late, and the melon is ripe.
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