First, why do we have to raise seedlings in an energy-saving greenhouse? Which vegetables should be nursed? Energy-saving vegetables in greenhouses use the greenhouse to create and improve the micro-climate environment and cultivate them in the season where the open land cannot be produced, so as to achieve the purpose of early or delayed harvesting of the products. Due to the large construction cost of solar greenhouses and high production costs, the utilization rate of facilities must be fully increased in order to obtain better economic benefits. The germination period and the seedling period of vegetables occupy a long time, require a small area of ​​nutrition, and concentrate on a small area. Not only is it easy to create a suitable environment, but it can also cultivate age-appropriate seedlings and avoid waste of solar greenhouses. After planting the seedlings into the greenhouse, they can effectively shorten the fertility cycle and greatly increase the greenhouse utilization rate. Therefore, in the energy-saving solar greenhouse to raise vegetables to promote seedlings. The vegetables that should be nursed are common: cucumber, zucchini, tomatoes, pepper, eggplant, celery, leeks, cabbage, and cauliflower. Second, how to cultivate "autumn and winter wolfberry" cucumber seedlings? 1, seedbed setting: autumn and winter cucumber seedlings from the high temperature season, the seedling stage not only to overcome the high temperature caused by seedling growth is weak, but also to adapt to the greenhouse after planting the environmental conditions, it is not appropriate to raise seedlings in the open, when the nursery in the open buckle small shed Do nursery. The small shed is more than 2 meters wide and over 1 meter high. It is covered with old film and rolled up around to form a pergola. The nursery larvae are the same as the greenhouse seedlings. They are low-lying on the ground. They are 1 meter wide and 5 meters long. The screened high-quality organic fertilizer was 50 kilograms. It fell 10 centimeters deep, and the soil blocks were divided so that the excreta was evenly mixed. 2. Seeding period: sowing in mid-and late August to mid-September. During this period, early sowing has higher yields, lower sowing yields and higher prices. 3, live or transplant: autumn and winter cucumbers can be broadcast live in the nursery, but also in the cotyledon transplant. (1) Live broadcast: Seedlings equipped with nutrition bags of 10 cm in diameter and 10 cm in height are immersed in water. After the water has penetrated, one grain of seeds of each bud is picked up. When the seeds are buds, the seeds are laid flat. Covered with 1 cm to 1.5 cm thick screened fine moist soil. (2) Transplantation: Spread 1 cm to 1.5 cm thick sieved river sand on the sowing bed, rinse the water, spread the seeds evenly on the bed, and then cover 1 cm to 1.5 cm thick. The sand is irrigated, and the sand is always kept moist. After 3 days to 4 days, the two cotyledons can be opened and transplanted. Can be transplanted in the nutrition bag, but also from the end of the nursery hoe, according to 10 cm row spacing ditch, pouring enough water in the ditch, according to 10 cm planting distance. The advantage of this method of raising seedlings is that the cotyledons can be selected when the seedlings are transplanted, so that the seedlings can be neat and uniform, and the seedlings can be prevented from being elongated. 4. Seedling management: After emergence of seedlings or emergence of transplanted cotyledons, keep the seedlings dry and wet. Watering is performed in the morning or evening. Each time the water is poured on the surface, it is mainly used to moisten the soil and Reduce the role of temperature. "Autumn and winter wolfberry" cucumber seedling age is generally about 30 days. Third, how to cultivate "autumn and winter wolfberry" tomato seedlings? 1. Seedbed preparation: The greenhouse seedlings in autumn and winter sunlight greenhouses are in high temperature and rainy season. The nursery beds should be protected against rain, ventilation, and temperature drop conditions. The seedlings that have been cultivated under the conditions of film coverage must be able to adapt to the greenhouse conditions. It is best to choose a dry, well-ventilated section with an arch shed of 1.5 to 2 meters in height, 1 meter to 1.5 meter wide nursery hoe in the shed, and 20 kilos per square metre of farm manure. Turn 10 cm deep and flat. In order to avoid the high temperature of the glare, it is better to set the shade net or use other methods to shade and cool. 2, sowing: seedlings and lotus root irrigation water, water infiltration, according to the spacing of 10 cm to 12 cm hole sowing, sowing 2 to 3 seeds per hole, covering 1 cm thick nutritious soil. Keep the surface wet before emergence. 3. Seedling management: A robust seedling is kept in each hole after emergence, and the rest are cut off. Avoid drought during seedlings and keep it dry. Spraying an anti-caries agent every 7 days to prevent the transmission of virus disease. There are 4 to 5 leaves in about 30 days of autumn and winter tomato seedlings. Plant height 20 cm to 25 cm age seedlings. Fourth, how to grasp the principles of energy-saving solar greenhouse vegetables winter irrigation? The management focus of planting various vegetables in the greenhouse in winter should be to find ways to increase the soil temperature during its growth, in order to benefit the growth of the root system and the absorption of water and fertilizers. However, irrigation will inevitably reduce the soil temperature. In order to reasonably solve the contradiction between the irrigation of vegetable fields and the increase of soil temperature, the following principles should be mastered for winter irrigation: 1. After pouring “planting†water and filling “sustaining seedling†water, no drought occurs. No irrigation. Strengthen the cultivator, warming up. Cover the mulching film on the planting line to protect the soil and increase soil temperature. 2. When it is really necessary to fill the water, it should be done in the sunny morning. After watering, increasing the temperature in the closed greenhouse in the morning will help reduce the indoor humidity and increase the water temperature, and reduce the impact on the soil cooling. In the afternoon, the air will be released to remove moisture and reduce the temperature and humidity of the air. 3, advocate single ridge planting seedlings, double rows of seedlings to cover a plastic film, to promote the ditch irrigation under the film. Winter ditch no irrigation. Conditional farmers should use irrigation under the membrane. 4, promote watering warm water. Place large cylinders or petrol tanks in the greenhouse, pre-heat the well water into a cylinder or barrel, preheat it with warm water of about 20°C, and if necessary, water the individual plants, avoid flooding. 5, strict winter irrigation interval of 20 days to 15 days. As the weather gets warmer, the interval is gradually shortened to 10 days to 7 days. 6. The interval for irrigation of sandy soil should be properly shortened, the interval time for sticking the soil should be properly lengthened, and the time interval for dark irrigation should be appropriately long. The interval between hose drip irrigation can be shortened appropriately. 7, celery, rape, leeks, tuber wormwood, lettuce and other leafy vegetables should be irrigated when irrigation. Irrigation should be less than appropriate. Other principles refer to the above provisions. Fifth, how to master the principle of winter fertilization in energy-saving solar greenhouses? The main problems with fertilization in winter greenhouse vegetable production are: the demand for nutrients from crops and the low soil temperature lead to slow decomposition of fertilizers. In order to alleviate this contradiction, accelerating the growth and development of vegetables in winter and fertilizing vegetables in the greenhouse in winter should master the following principles: 1. Apply early-stage fertilizer. In the solar greenhouse, winter and spring vegetables production should be advanced as early as mid-September and late. Decompose 0.5 to 10,000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per acre, then plunge 30 centimeters deeper and apply organic fertilizer to the soil earlier. When preparing the soil, mix the faeces again. 2, Qiao Shi "planting" fertilizer. From late October to mid-November, when the fruits and vegetables are planted, diammonium phosphate and urea should be applied in a groove of about 15 cm to 20 cm in depth in every two colonization ridges. Phosphorus diammonium per acre 30 kg, urea 15 kg to 20 kg, along the ditch irrigation bottom water, and then the soil ditch ridge. When planting seedlings, a small amount of diammonium diammonium is used as a "mouth fat" between every two seedlings, which is about 40 kilograms per mu. 3, promote the use of ammonium sulfate as top dressing. Winter fertilizer, using urea, due to low soil temperature, urea nutrient decomposition is slow, so play a slow fertilizer effect; the use of ammonium bicarbonate, although the fertilizer effect is fast, but in the confined environment of the greenhouse due to the volatilization of ammonium ammonia in the ammonium bicarbonate will produce fertilizer. Ammonium sulphate can overcome the disadvantages of the two fertilizers mentioned above. Therefore, it is best to apply topdressing fertilizer in winter with 20 kg to 30 kg of ammonium sulfate per acre. 4. It is recommended to use biological organic-inorganic compound fertilizer. Biological organic-inorganic compound fertilizers contain trace elements that promote nutrient decomposition. Use it as a base fertilizer, nutrient comprehensive, long-lasting fertility, play a rapid fertilizer effect; use it as a top dressing, not only fast effect, but also applied a decomposed organic fertilizer, so it is an ideal vegetable compound soil fertilizer. Use 120 kg per acre as the base fertilizer, spread or apply when the vegetables are planted; use 40 kg per acre as top dressing, apply a shallow ditch, and then fill with water after burying the soil. 5. Top-dressing method: In the winter, fertilizer should be dissolved in water beforehand, and then combined with irrigation to flush the fertilizer water into the irrigation ditch. Usually every other time the water, once the fertilizer water. 6, after the winter heavy fertilizer. The winter's low temperature, low light, and slow production of vegetables. In order to make up for the consumption of crops during the winter season, it will lay the foundation for the increase of yield after the spring. The winter and spring fruits and vegetables, especially the winter and spring melons, should be top-dressed once at the end of January to early February. Decompose organic fertilizer 1500 kilograms plus phosphorus diammonium 20 kilograms to 30 kilograms per acre, open shallow ditch after the application of buried irrigation. At this time, it is also advisable to use 4 kg to 6 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate per acre, and topdressing phosphorus and potash fertilizers with irrigation water. Six, how to hang aluminized polyester film reflector? There are four ways to hang aluminum-plated polyester film: single vertical hanging method, single vertical adhesive vertical hanging method, banner bonding vertical hanging method, and rear wall slat fixing method. Most of the production goes with the greenhouse, faces south, extends east and west, and hangs vertically. The hang-up time is generally from the end of November to March of the following year. The hang-up procedure is as follows (take the vertical sticking method of the banner adhesive as an example): cut two pieces of aluminum-plated polyester film corresponding to the length of the greenhouse extension, and fix the two single-piece polyester films into a whole with a transparent tape. In the middle of the greenhouse column, a wire of 16th from the east and the west is used (fixed reflective curtain), the upper end of the curtain is folded back, and the wire is wrapped, and then fixed with a paper clip or transparent tape, etc., to form a natural drooping curtain. The back of the curtain is also folded back 3 to 4 centimeters. Using a torn film as a backing line, the light curtain is fixed on the backing rope and the two ends of the rope are each tied with a wooden stick fixed on the surface, and can be horizontally moved along with the sun's irradiation angle. It is advisable to keep the light curtain at 75 to 85 degrees with the ground. 7. What is the "disastrous weather" of energy-saving solar greenhouse vegetable production and how should it be managed in the face of "disastrous weather"? The disastrous weather in the energy-saving solar greenhouse vegetable production mainly includes persistent cloudy (rain, fog) days, continuous low temperature and low illumination, rare extreme low temperatures, storms, windstorms and so on. Although the frequency of occurrence of these disastrous weathers is very low, once they are encountered, those who are light will significantly reduce their production and harvest, and those who are severe will never produce any crops. The following measures should be taken to meet “disastrous weatherâ€: 1. Optimize the structure and improve the insulation effect. 2, winter management to "maintain" to improve plant tolerance. Miaozi should not only exercise, but also maintain a low temperature in winter management and adopt conservative measures to ensure that plants safely pass winter. Keep 25°C to 28°C during the day, room temperature not exceeding 30°C, nighttime 10°C to 14°C, and no more than 18°C. In addition, spraying 1:1:200 times of sugar and nitrogen, or adding 0.5% of glucose and 0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, can not only increase the resistance but also increase the resistance. Improves resistance to downy mildew. 3, encounter continuous rain and snow weather, on the basis of insulation, to see more light. Should use the scattered light of cloudy day as much as possible, that is, as long as the temperature is not reduced after the grasshopper is removed, it is necessary to expose; Even if the outside temperature is low, the temperature will drop after uncovering the grasshopper, and the grasshopper will be uncovered before and after noon. Let the plants see the scattered light for half an hour to one hour, or remove the back cover to ensure that the plant sees light every day. Warm up without temperature protection. If the duration of long-lived or extremely cold temperatures is long and the room temperature continues to drop, it is necessary to supplement the heat before the temperature falls until the growth is about to be affected, and increase the temperature to ensure that the plants are not affected by cold. Heating to the lowest temperature can reach the biological minimum, usually 13 °C ~ 15 °C, not too high, so as not to increase respiratory consumption. 4, after rainy days, after the snow weather to go back: often in the cloudy days after the sun, after uncovering the water, due to plant water imbalance, leading to wilting, ranging from damaged growth point, while the weight of the whole greenhouse vegetable death, then pay attention to take The method of checking back to prevent it from happening is that it should be opened early after the day is clear so that it can be seen in the early morning sun and gradually adapt. If plants are found to be wilting, they should be promptly covered with grass and other plants should reply. After reopening, if there is a wilting phenomenon, it should be covered with straw, and it can be repeated several times, and it can also be combined with foliar spray to adjust the water balance. 8. What kinds of insect pests are common in energy-saving solar greenhouses? The common underground pests are mainly ground tigers, earthworms and cockroaches. The ground pests are mainly whitefly and aphids, which can cause damage to many kinds of vegetables.
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