The special climate after the winter of 2009 has seriously affected the growth and wintering of winter wheat. In view of this situation, before and after the Spring Festival, we conducted a wheat field survey in two places, covering 30 counties (cities) in 8 regions of Hebei Province. We now analyze the results of the field visits and propose spring management recommendations.
First, the public opinion situation is generally better. However, poorly prepared wheat fields, due to many mantle and straw, serious air leakage, returning pulp is not obvious, dry soil is still 3 to 4 cm. With the rise in temperature, the return of slurry is not obvious. This part of the wheat field will have a dry elephant. In the case of less secondary roots, the emergence of drought elephants will significantly affect growth.
Second, compared with previous years, the condition of the seedlings in the province is generally worse than that of the whole province. Common features are small groups, weak individuals, and heavy frost damage. There are three reasons for this:
(i) Climate factors.
At the beginning of November last year, it was at a time when wheat was in full bloom and a cold spell came. It cooled down and suffered frost damage. Some wheat field leaves were frozen and wilted. After the frost had not recovered well, it suddenly fell heavy snow on November 10~13. In the case of basically no cold-resistant exercise, insufficient accumulation of nutrients and frost damage, it was covered by a long time. Photosynthesis is weak or almost no photosynthesis, but at this time the temperature is still high. The wheat seedlings have slow growth and respiration under the snow, which increases their own consumption. On this basis, after the snow melts, it suffers from persistent strong cold weather, which has caused serious freezing damage to the wheat seedlings this year. This is a key factor in the serious freeze injury of wheat this year.
(b) Extensive management.
The survey found that extensive farming practices exacerbated the degree of frost damage. All wheat fields with poor quality of soil preparation and light sowing have heavy frost damage and a high rate of dead seedlings.
(c) Variety species problems. Some varieties could not withstand the unusual weather changes that occurred in the past few decades. They showed obvious incompatibility, severe dryness, and even death.
The overall performance of the whole wheat field is:
1. The group is small. The province's wheat fields are basically less than 600,000 mu per stem, mostly 400,000 to 500,000, 200,000 to 300,000 less than in previous years, or even more.
2. The individual is weak. Since the growth period before the winter of 2009 is more than 20 days, the accumulated temperature is less; the wheat seedlings are mainly expressed as "two small two less," that is, the seedlings are smaller, and the roots are smaller. The overall measurement of the province is generally divided into two types: one is wintering with a dragonfly and the other is wintering with a “bachelorâ€. Most of the early stage sowing were 3 leaves, 1 heart, 4 leaves, wintering, 1 to 2 tillers, 2 to 3 stems per plant, 1 to 3 secondary roots, roughly 1 to 2 leaves less than in previous years. 2 births, 2 or more secondary roots. In addition, a few wheat fields can reach 4 leaves and 1 heart (individual can have 4 leaves and 1 heart, 1 careful) or 3 leaves and 1 big heart, 1 careful, 5 leaves are overwintering, there are 2 to 3 tillers, 3 plants per plant. 4 stems, 4 secondary roots. The proportion of such wheat fields is not large, and most of them are shallow sowing, and they tend to have heavy frost damage. These four-leaf-age wheat fields are classified as second-class seedlings, which is the main body of wheat this year. The wheat field sown at a later date is only 2 to 3 leaves, with no tillers and no secondary roots. There are also a small number of late-seeding wheat fields that crop up, one needle or even earthworms. In general, there is no or less type of seedlings. Coupled with the impact of frost damage, strictly speaking, this year all three types of seedlings.
3. Frozen damage is heavy. Due to climatic reasons, regardless of the age of seedlings, no matter which breed, the unanimous performance of dry leaves is wintering, and the freezing injury is heavier. There is only a difference in degree, which is mainly determined by the quality of the planting in the site preparation, the cold flow intensity between the species and the region. In November, the intensity of snowfall is different, and there are still some differences.
(1) Tillage cultivation. The same species, the same area, poor land preparation, shallow sowing (too many superficial stalks, excessive land grazing), severe dryness on the ground, or total dryness, dead seedlings, and even dead seedlings.
(2) Variety. Under normal planting, the difference in overwintering between the same region and breed is manifested every year. This is a normal phenomenon. However, this year showed a large difference, basically three types: 1 species with a certain green body wintering, there is no dead seedling phenomenon. 2 With the dry winter leaves of the varieties, basically no dead seedlings. 3 Withered dry leaves and dead seedling varieties. This species is a species that suffered severe cold damage in early November. This is particularly prominent in some regions.
(3) Regions. The degree of frost damage between the regions coincides with the cold flow intensity and the amount of snowfall and snow cover in November. The degree of frost damage is the most serious in Shijiazhuang. It is basically dry and dead leaves. There are dead seedlings and some species are seriously dead. Eel and Hengshui are the lightest, and most of wheat crops have certain green bodies overwintering. Like Dadian Wandi, Jingxian Liuji Shimai 15 and Shijiazhuang No.8, many blocks approached the half-green body for winter. Xingtai, Zhangzhou and Baoding are in the middle, and all dry and overwintering fields, mostly with certain green body over winter fields. Except for individual plots, there are basically no dead plants. In the north (including Tianjin), the ground part of the young wheat seedling was severely dry, but there was no dead seedling at all. In other words, the province's overall measurement, with the exception of Shijiazhuang, wheat production in other wheat-producing cities is not a problem. As far as Shijiazhuang is concerned, serious dead seedlings are also local areas and a few species. Therefore, it is still promising to strengthen spring management, promote seedling transformation and upgrade, and strive for a bumper harvest.
III. Management suggestions Since this year’s freeze injury of wheat is generally more important than in previous years, the returning green period will be postponed compared with that of the previous year. Especially in wheat fields with heavy freeze damage, all the leaves will freeze to death, and it will take longer to regenerate the leaves from the growing point. The period also made it more difficult to manage spring wheat. Therefore, management should start early this spring and strive for initiative. The main direction of wheat spring management should promote the early and long growth of wheat seedlings, effectively use spring tillers, increase the percentage of spikes, and increase the number of grains per ear. The specific measures are as follows:
(1) Crackdown planning.
All wheat fields should be immediately repressed and planed to achieve the purpose of lifting, protecting, clearing ridges, warming, and promoting early-onset seedling growth.
(B) scientific management of water and fertilizer.
1. For wheat fields with poor site preparation quality, light sowing, no watering before winter, and unrecoverable soil in the soil, immediately after the freezing layer is turned on, water immediately, and apply nitrogen ammonium bicarbonate 15 kg/mu quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer.
2. At present, most of the wheat fields (main wheat fields) have a good sensation. Do not rush to top-dressing after watering so as to prevent the ground temperature from falling after watering and the seedlings grow slowly. However, it needs to be managed early and comprehensively analyze the pros and cons. This year's watering and fertilizing time is appropriate for the period of getting up (Mid-to-mid-March in the middle and middle part of the southeastern Fujian Province). The amount of water should not be too large. According to the application of nitrogen fertilizer at the bottom, topdressing 10 to 20 kg of urea per acre. Base fertilizer is not applied K fertilizer, topdressing potassium chloride 10 kilograms per acre, top nitrogen fertilizer is best to use compound fertilizer.
3. For late-seeding wheat, after the new crops and new roots have been established, water and fertilizer management will begin.
(c) Prevention of late spring.
When wheat suffers serious wintering and freezing damage, it can be said that it is a fatal blow to the wheat. Moreover, since the beginning of spring, the temperature has fluctuate dramatically. Therefore, we must take measures to prevent it. We must not take it lightly and have a chance of being lucky. Irrigation is an effective measure to prevent late spring. In all types of wheat fields, it is necessary to properly arrange the order of rounds of irrigation, and to fully complete irrigation before jointing.
(4) Adding foliar fertilizer to promote transformation of the seedlings.
Since the wheat seedlings are weak this year and the roots are weak in absorbing fertilizer, attention should be paid to increasing foliar fertilizers and promoting the transformation of the seedlings. It can apply 0.3%～0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 30kg/mu when the spring leaves are about two pieces, or other foliar fertilizers or growth regulators that have proved to be effective by local practice, and can be separated by 7~10 days. Continuous spraying, implementation of chemical weeding, pest control and other agricultural measures as far as possible, and strive to spray more effect, reduce manual investment.
(e) Strengthen the control of pests and weeds.
1. Strengthen monitoring and control of diseases such as sheath blight, root rot, and powdery mildew. As the winter wheat freezes heavy and returns to late, the wheat seedlings grow weakly, and the resistance to sheath blight, root rot and powdery mildew is reduced. Therefore, we must pay close attention to the occurrence of diseases, strengthen monitoring and prevention, and use fungicides to spray.
2. Pay close attention to the occurrence and harm of wheat spiders.
3. Raise awareness, scientific weeding. Due to weak wheat seedlings this year, the occurrence of weeds will increase. Therefore, we must raise awareness and scientifically eliminate weeds. Since last year's snowfall was early, most wheat fields would have to implement the "Chunqiuqiuzhi" in the future, and the weeding effect of wheat fields that have been sprayed with herbicides will decline. Therefore, we must do a good job of spring chemical weeding work. However, due to weak wheat seedlings this year, freeze-damaged wheat fields generally should not be sprayed with herbicides to control grass weeds in order to prevent phytotoxicity. The broadleaf weed herbicide should be used. After the average daily temperature is higher than 10°C, the tribenuron-based agents are used to treat the weeds. For example, 10% tribenururon-methyl is used per mu, and 30 kg water is uniformly sprayed. . Weeding and pest control spray foliar fertilizer and other combinations. Weeds and weeds are the main areas where weeds occur.
(six) scientific disaster reduction, in addition to low losses.
For wheat fields with serious dead seedlings, cotton, peanuts, watermelon, vegetables, spring corn, oil sunflower and other spring sowing crops can be changed depending on the situation.
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