Tomato also known as tomatoes, foreign persimmons. Due to its adaptability, nutrient-rich fruit, fruit appearance, fruit and vegetables can be processed into fruit juices, jams, health products, etc., the cultivation has developed very rapidly, especially in the last 20 years, with the development of protected areas, the use of greenhouse Many kinds of cultivation methods for plastic greenhouses and small sheds have resulted in the rapid development of tomato production and the realization of the annual supply of products, and it has become a way for farmers to become rich.
1 The varieties are selected for good disease resistance, strong resistance, high quality and high product varieties, such as the current company's anti-TY varieties: Dikor, Dijiao, Davis, etc.; and spring greenhouses and open cultivation species: International Baozhuang, Hong Gina, International Pink, International Pink, Golden Bud, etc.; and Britney Spears, Little Sweetie, Little Huang Ni, Jin Ye, Wei Sha, Wei Jiao.
2 Seed treatment Use 60% husk soil, 20% sand, and 20% decomposed organic sheep manure to mix sifting.
Before sowing, the seedbed was sterilized with 50% carbendazim 500 times. Seed soaked in warm water at 55°C for 10-15 minutes, while soaking for 4-6 hours with a wooden stick and continuously stirring to a water temperature of 30°C, then put the seeds in a wet gauze or wet towel at 25~ Germinate at 30°C, wash once a day until about 48 h when the seeds are white. When planting, the spacing is 3~5cm. After the seed arched soil, cover the substrate with 0.3cm. At the same time, cover the mulch and remove the plastic film after 50% of the seedlings are unearthed.
3 Seedling management
3.1 Temperature The “three highs and three lows†seed bed temperature management method is adopted to cultivate strong seedlings. After sowing, keep the temperature between 25-30°C during the day and 18-20°C during the night; reduce the temperature after emergence to prevent leggy, between 20-22°C during the day and 12-14°C during the night; 25-28°C, 13-14°C at night; after incubation, the temperature should be low, usually 20-23°C during daytime and 13-14°C at night; the temperature can be higher after five-leaf period, 23-28°C during daytime, and nighttime. -15°C; seedlings to be planted 5-7 days before planting, controlled at 18-20°C during the day and 8-10°C at night.
3.2 Moisture Ensure adequate lighting during the entire nursery period. In the spring, seedlings are promoted to raise seedlings in water. During the seedling raising period, water should not be poured to avoid lowering the temperature of the bed. In the summer, seedlings are basically not watered. Water can be watered in the early evening in case of water shortage. Winter and spring seedlings are susceptible to K element absorption due to low temperature, and 0.1-0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate may be used for foliar spray.
3.3 When seedlings are divided and seedlings are planted, seedlings are planted and planted. Immediately after planting, water is applied to prevent seedlings from losing water to affect the survival rate. Early spring seedlings age 60 to 70 days, autumn seedlings 30 to 40 days, Dingmiao standard general plant height of 15 ~ 20cm.
4 Cultivation and management Planting density is adapted to local conditions, usually covered with mulching, double row colonization, average row spacing 65-75 cm, plant spacing 30-40 cm, planting 2 200-3 300 plants per 667 m 2 , timely pouring root water after planting, planting depth Cotyledons 1 cm above ground are preferred.
5 Post-cultivation management
5.1 After water and fertilizer are planted, the root water is poured in time, and after the seedlings are replenished, they can be irrigated for 1 time to promote seedling growth, and then enter the seedling stage until the fruit enlarges to the size of the walnuts, and then the fertilizer is applied. Every 10 kg of Sanyuan compound fertilizer is applied for every 667 m2; 2 When the ear and the 3rd ear start to enlarge, each top dressing is applied once and every 667 m2 is applied with 30 kg of compound fertilizer. In order to maintain a uniform fruit size, foliar fertilizers can be sprayed during the fruiting period and can be sprayed with 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or 2% superphosphate. During the whole fruit period, we must keep the soil moist and prevent it from drying out, in order to reduce the occurrence of cracking fruits and physiological diseases.
5.2 The tomatoes in the greenhouse are taken to be single-pole pruning. When the height of plants is 30-40 cm long, the hanging vines are toppled.
5.3 Pruning point flowers When the plant height is 50 cm, it should be framed to prevent lodging, and the single stem should be pruned. The pruning should be timely when the first lateral branch of the plant is 10-15 cm long. In open field cultivation, leave 5-7 ear fruit for each plant, and protect 7-8 ear fruit for each plant. Two to three true leaves on the ear during topping and 10-15mg•L-1 2,4-D or 20-25mg•L-1 for summer and 15-20mg•L-1 for winter For 4-D or 30 mg•L-1 tomato pod flowers, remember to use early flowers to prevent empty fruit formation. Use 30 to 50 ppm of rhauphos or tomatoes to spray the flowers.
6 Pest control
6.1 Agricultural Measures The litters in the shed should be cleaned, and the ploughs should be removed, destroyed and buried in time after harvest. It is sterilized in high temperature in summer and sterilized with sulphur powder in winter to prepare for planting.
6.2 Chemical control The main diseases of tomato include the following: tomato early and late blight, gray mold, viral disease, spot blight, bacterial canker, bacterial wilt, blight, root rot, root knot nematode, And physical diseases, such as: calcium nucleation caused by calcium rot, brown fruit, empty fruit and leaf disease caused by lack of nutrients.
6.2.1 Viral Disease Viral diseases are more complex in the field and generally have 3 types. The first type is the mosaic type. There are green and yellow spots on the leaves that are yellow or green and uneven. In severe cases, there is unevenness and shrinkage. The veins are relatively transparent and the plants are dwarf. The mosaic leaves appear on the tender leaves and the old leaves are not obvious. The second is streak type, which can occur in leaves, stems and fruits. The third type is a deformed leaf blade with symptoms of temporal lobe or linear leaves. During the occurrence period, 500 times of solution A or 1000 times of 15% Botanical Emulsion or 1000 times of potassium permanganate was sprayed for 5 days for three consecutive times. At present, there is no ideal therapeutic agent for viral diseases, prevention is the main method, diseased plants are found, and removal and clean-up are performed in time. Controlling the insect pests such as locust infestation in the facility can also effectively control the occurrence of viral diseases.
6.2.2 Umbilical rot is a physiological disease caused by calcium deficiency. Foliar sprays such as calcium nitrate or amino acid calcium can prevent the occurrence of umbilical rot (early defense).
6.2.3 Botrytis cinerea usually occurs at low temperature and high humidity, leaf lesions from the edge of the leaf to the center produce a light brown V-shaped lesions, water immersion, high humidity is a gray mold layer, when the disease, the bacteria from the residual petals Tomatoes, etc. Infestation, spread to the fruit, the skin of the diseased part of the skin was immersed in gray water, softened, rotted, and the diseased part had no obvious edge, and later it was covered with dense gray to brownish brown mold layer. It can be added in the amount of Bactoe or 0, 1% 50% fasting WP to prevent tomato pods. Once the disease occurs, 50% acetaminophen wettable powder can be used 1000 times, or 50% sulfacin can be used. Wet powder 1000 times, 40% Shijiale suspension 1200 times, 40% Baifen wettable powder 1000 times liquid prevention. In case of rain and snow, 45% chlorothalonil aerosol, 10% quick keratin aerosol, 250 gram fumes per acre are used. In the evening, the pesticide is applied in closed booths and various pesticides are applied alternately.
6.2.4 Late blight tomato seedlings, leaves, stems and fruits can be diseased. The seedling leaves appear dark green water immersed lesions, petiole rot, the disease department is dark brown, when the humidity is high, a white mold layer appears on the edge of the lesion. As the lesions expand, the leaves gradually die. Seedlings in the base of the seedlings are in water-like contractures, resulting in wilting or lodging of the seedlings. Once onset, use 40% EB aluminum wettable powder 200 fluids, or 72, 2% propamocarb hydrochloride 800 times fluid, or 10% Koga 2000 times fluid, or 58% thiram Mn-Zn 600-800 Double liquid spray, various agents alternately used.
6.2.5 Early blight The disease is widespread. Leaf tip size black-brown round spots appear in the early stages of leaf wound damage, gradually expanding into round or irregular spots, with obvious concentric ring veins, and yellow-green halo around the lesions. When wet, black mold layer appeared on the lesions, and lesions on stems and petioles were oval or spindle-shaped, dark brown, mostly occurring at branches. The early onset can be sprayed with 80% mancozeb 600x for the early onset. When the onset is severe, 50% acetaminophen 1000 times can be used, or 77% can kill 600 times, spraying once every 5-7 days, even spraying 2 - 3 times.
6.2.6 Leaf mould mainly damages the leaves. The onset begins with the middle and lower leaves and the upper leaves develop. At the initial stage, yellow chlorotic spots with unclear edges appeared on the front surface of the leaves, and then the grayish-white, compact velvety mildew layer appeared after the grayish-white counterparts on the back of the leaves. Foliar lesions also have the same mold layer when conditions are right. The onset was severe, the leaves were covered with lesions, and the leaves were curled and dry. 47% Garneron 800-1000 times, 12.5% ​​Myclobutanil 2000-3000 times, or 47% kasugamycin plus copper hydroxide wettable powder 800 times, once every 7 days, for continuous use 2 -3 times.
6.2.7 Fusarium wilt, also known as wilt disease, is a soil-borne vascular disease that is difficult to control. It often mixes with bacterial wilt and develops in the fruiting period. Plants often die in fruity periods. At the early stage of disease, the middle and lower leaves of the plant wilted before and after noon, and the early and late diseased leaves were still recoverable. Afterwards, the wilt symptoms intensified, and the leaves gradually turned yellow from the bottom up and did not fall off until they died. Occasionally, only one side of the plant develops and the other side has normal growth. The base of the stem became immersed in water, and high humidity showed pink, white or green mold. The base of the diseased stem was cut and the vascular bundle became brown. At the beginning of the disease, 50% carbendazim or 50% thiophanate 500 can be used for irrigation. 300-500 grams per strain, no irrigation once 7 days, 2-3 consecutive times.
6.2.8 Bacterial wilt is a bacterial disease that can cause wilting of the whole plant. The height of the plant is about 30cm. The diseased plant begins to show symptoms. The first is wilting at the top, the latter leaves wilting, and one side of the leaves or the whole plant is wilting at the same time. of. From the onset of the disease, the diseased plants were wilted during the day and recovered in the early evening. Overcast days or high soil moisture content resulted in disease plants that died after a week of sustainable development. However, the leaves remained green, so they were called bacterial wilt. In the early stage of disease, 72% of agricultural streptomycin can be used 4000 times or 77% to kill 500 times of the roots, and 300-500 grams of good medicine is poured into each plant, once every 10 days for 2-3 times.
The tomato fruit can be divided into four stages during the ripening process, namely the green ripening stage, the color changing stage, the ripening stage and the ripening stage (also known as the soft ripening stage).
Green ripe period - the fruit has fully expanded, but the peel is all green, the flesh is hard and the flavor is poor.
Color-changing period: The top of the fruit begins to turn yellowish-white, and the flesh begins to soften and the sugar content increases.
Ripening Period - The area of ​​3/4 of the fruit turns red or yellow and has the highest nutritional value. It is the most suitable time for fresh food.
The ripening period - the surface of the fruit is all red, the flesh is soft, and the sugar content is extremely high.
The tomatoes that are eaten as vegetables are generally 40 to 50 days after flowering. When the fruit reaches the ripening stage, that is, when the area of ​​the fruit has become 3 or 4 red or yellow, it is an appropriate harvest period and should be harvested in time. Summer and autumn tomato coloring faster than spring, easy to mature, easy to soften and metamorphose, near the sale should be harvested after the fruit began to turn red; long-distance transportation, should be harvested during the green mature period or color conversion period.
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