The cherry is a subgenus of the genus Prunus of the genus Rosaceae. There are 120 species and subspecies. There are about 70 species in China. Production and cultivation mainly include sweet cherries, sour cherries, and Chinese cherries. The current application of production is mainly sweet cherries, also known as "European cherry." According to the geographical and ecological conditions of Fuping County and the growing fruit habits of sweet cherry trees, ten cultural techniques were summarized.
1, species selection
A. Early maturing varieties: red light, early fruit, early ruby, Brooks, etc., mature from late May to early June;
B. Medium-maturing varieties: Pioneer, Miyazawa, Samita, Rainier, etc., matured in mid-June;
C. Late-maturing varieties: Rabbins, Sunny, Sweetheart, Friendship, etc. mature from late June to early July.
Sweet cherry is mostly self-contained and needs to be configured with about 30% of pollination trees. In production, 3-4 main varieties are used to pollinate each other.
Rootstock selection, selection of Mahallesi varieties in the northern fruit region, good adaptability, resistance to salt and alkali, disease resistance, and excellent selection of the Mahari CDR-1 selected by Xi Nongda. Gisella rootstocks have high yield of early fruits but require acidic soils to perform well.
2, tree culture and pruning
Planting Density: Select different densities depending on the variety and rootstock combination.
Dwarf use 2.5 meters 4 meters, Qiaohua 3 meters 4 meters.
Tree-shaped selection: dwarfing adopts the spinning shape, Qiaohua uses sparse layer to delay the happy shape.
Dwarfing Spindle Culture: In 1-3 years, the main branch was cultivated by budding and branching and the main branch was cultivated in the fifth year. The small branch bears the fruiting branch. The height of the tree is 3.5 meters.
The sparse layer of Qiaohua delayed the happy-shape: 5-7 cultivating main branches in 1-5 years, leaving 3-5 main branches to remain permanently after 5-7 years, and the total remaining is retreating year by year. About 10 years ago, I fell happy and the tree height was 3 meters. The main branch bears fruiting branches and is updated 1/4-1/3 year by year.
3, fertilizer and water management
Sweet cherry tree requirements for soil: PH 5.6-7.0, good air permeability, deep soil, loose soil, strong sandy soil retention.
The distribution of sweet cherry roots is shallow, and the oxygen demand is large. When the soil is poor in air permeability, it is susceptible to root diseases. July and October are the peaks of root growth.
Fertilization principle: A. The main organic fertilizer, with fertilizer as a regulation, with leaf fertilizer as a supplement. Organic fertilizer determines fruit quality.
B. A large amount of vegetative growth during the sapling period requires the addition of nitrogenous fertilizers, which results in the control of nitrogen, phosphorus increase, and potassium supplementation. Tree fertilization in the fruit period of the year uses three stages of germination, harvesting, and dormancy.
C. Soil Testing Formula Balanced Fertilization. Conditional orchards use soil analysis and leaf analysis methods to guide fertilization.
Watering depends on precipitation and soil moisture, and is generally combined with fertilization. It should be sufficient and not excessive to control the trees with water, and to adjust the fertilizer with water. You should pour 3-4 times a year. Controlled drip irrigation with water-saving facilities will facilitate the integration of water and fertilizers and improve the utilization of fertilizer and water.
4. Flower and fruit management
A. To promote flowers: July-August is the flowering stage of sweet cherry flower buds, through reasonable tree structure, increased ventilation and light transmission, and improve the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves. By adjusting the angles of opening branches, picking the core, tipping the tip, and moderately drought, technical measures are taken to regulate the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and provide sufficient nutrition for flower bud differentiation.
B. Conservation: Late frost is the main hazard during the flowering period. Smoke, water spray, and spray flower protection are used to mitigate damage. The flowering period pays close attention to the weather forecast and temperature changes in the field.
C. Excellent fruit: cultivate high-quality flowers, increase organic fertilizers, produce fruit with thinning fruits, spray leaf fertilizer during fruit growth period, increase the amount of water in the field during young fruit, prevent fruit cracking, and prevent malformed fruit.
5, pest control
Implementation of comprehensive prevention and control technologies based on prevention will achieve the goal of ecological orchard construction.
A. Plant quarantine, prevention of pests and diseases.
B. Agricultural control, prevention and control of pests through variety improvement, cultivation methods, etc. For example: pruning, cultivating and weeding, manual killing, etc.
C. Biological control, the use of natural enemies, orchard chickens, sex pheromone attractants and so on.
D. Physical control, purple trapping, yellow trapping, white flooding, sweet and sour trapping.
E. Chemical control, preferential selection of biological sources, mineral sources of pesticides. Chemical pesticides should be scientifically selected and used interchangeably. Insecticides should not be used more than twice a year.
Major diseases: leaf perforation, leaf spot, brown spot, gray mold; fluid gum disease, dry rot; root cancer; virus disease.
Major insect pests: chafers, nymphs, hawthorn leafhoppers, cockroaches, pear borer bugs, cherry fruit flies, giardia, longhorn beetles, and nematode nematodes. Pest and disease control should first master its laws of life and cure its key problems.
6, orchard grass
The advantages of grass in orchards: improve soil, increase organic matter, increase fertility, regulate ground temperature, maintain moisture, improve the micro-ecological environment of orchards, increase temperature difference, and improve fruit quality.
Orchard grass generally adopts the pattern of inter-planting grass and inter-plant coverage. Grasses are dominated by white clover and natural grasses are also available. Castrated 2-3 times a year.
7, shelter from rain cultivation
Late-maturing varieties or varieties that are vulnerable to cracking should adopt rain-fighting cultivation, taking behavior units, taking umbrella-shaped long shelves, and erecting plastic film canopies. Before the coloration matured, the film was removed and the film was withdrawn immediately after harvesting.
8, greenhouse cultivation facilities through the facilities to mention the city 2-3 months. Facilities cultivation should be selected for early maturing varieties or adapted to facility cultivation. And strict temperature, light, gas, wet, fertilizer, water and other management to ensure the successful production.
9, timely harvest sweet cherry delicious easy to store, preservation capacity is poor, shelf life of 3-5 days. Harvesting should be based on variety, maturity, market demand and weather factors to determine timely implementation. Do not be too early or late to avoid loss. Picking tools and transportation tools must be properly protected to reduce post-harvest losses.
10, storage and preservation of fresh sweet cherry storage preservation is a good way to regulate the market supply and increase the added value of production. Must be kept in a professional atmosphere store.
Harvesting → pre-cooling temperature -1 °C → storage temperature → 1-10 °C, humidity 90-95%, oxygen 3-5%, carbon dioxide 10%.
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