Mushrooms should be selected for high dryness, convenient drainage, clean surroundings, and away from chicken sheds, barns, warehouses and feeds, near water sources and places where there are heaped material sites. It is better to take the north facing south (extending east to west), and the south wall is best to take a gallery. In the south of Mushroom, a 1.6m wide corridor is reserved.
Mushroom specifications General mushroom house construction area of ​​160 to 300 square meters is appropriate. The mushroom house is about 4 to 6 meters in height from the ground to the roof, and has a width of about 8 to 10 meters. It is suitable for 9 meters and is about 20 to 30 meters long.
The fresh air needed for the growth and development of Agaricus bisporus in the mushroom house is controlled and regulated by the ventilation of the mushroom house. With good ventilation, it should be slowly diffused in the mushroom house, convective flow, and no dead ends, can be "eat and row out" to ensure the growth and development of Agaricus bisporus. Ventilation openings, generally at the ends of each walkway can be opened on the middle and lower three windows, specifications 40cm46cm; also can open five ventilation windows, size 25cm50cm; each of the middle of the walkway on the roof set a pull-out tube, diameter 25 ~30cm.
Shelves Arrangement and Structure The direction of the arrangement of the agaricus shelf should be perpendicular to the direction of the mushroom house. One shelf is divided into several layers and the arrangement is suitable. Over-density and over-dilution are not conducive to the growth of the mushroom. General layer distance 55 ~ 60cm, high 5 ~ 8 layers, the bottom layer from the ground 15 ~ 20cm, rack and frame between 60 ~ 70cm, bed width 120 ~ 150cm.
The building materials can be selected from reinforced concrete, light steel plates, and bamboo and wood. The first two are expensive and have a long service life. The use of bamboo and wood builders results in low cost, short service life and easy construction.
The optimum temperature for the growth of Agaricus bisporus mycelium was 5 to 33°C and the optimum temperature was 20 to 26°C. The suitable temperature for fruit body growth is 7-28°C, and the optimum temperature is 13-18°C. In Shandong and other places, the natural temperature is used to cultivate Agaricus bisporus, which is usually cultivated once a year, that is, it is cultivated in autumn, and it is cultivated in autumn, overwintering and spring. When using natural air temperature cultivation in Shandong Province, the specific arrangements are: raw material pre-wet (late July) → stockpile fermentation (from the end of July to early August) → sowing (from the end of August to early September) → cover soil (in late September) → Autumn Mushroom Harvest (mid-to-mid-October to mid-December) → Wintering Management → Spring Mushroom Harvest (from March to May). The above time can be flexibly controlled according to changes in climate. Medium formulation (100 square meters, kg) Wheat straw (straw) Cow dung medium Wheat straw (straw) 2200, Dry cow dung 2000 (or dry chicken dung 800), Gypsum 80, Lime 70, Calcium carbonate 60, Superphosphate 40 , ammonium sulfate 20, urea 25, starter 1.5.
Cake Fertilizer (Dung-free) Straw culture medium Straw or wheat straw 3000, rapeseed cake 200, gypsum powder 90, lime 75, superphosphate 50, urea 45, calcium carbonate 40, ammonium sulfate 30, starter 1.5.
Special fertilizer straw culture medium wheat straw 3000, agaricus special fertilizer 300, gypsum 80, lime powder 50 ~ 60, starter 1.5.
Cottonseed husks Cow dung medium Cottonseed hulls 2500, corn cob 1000, wheat bran 130, cake fat 130, dried cow dung 200, urea 20, superphosphate 80, gypsum 40, lime 50, plant ash 50, leavening agent 1.5. The above recipe can be replaced with similar substances. The high output of the material is high, and vice versa.
Composting and selection of fermentation sites to choose a wide area, convenient irrigation and drainage, close to the mushroom shed, away from the chicken barn shed, the best place is the cement floor. If it is a mud surface, it should be compacted, drainage ditch should be set around, and water holes should be excavated in four corners so that the fertilizer discharged from the material can accumulate in the pit and be poured back into the material to avoid loss. The cultivation area of ​​100 m2 is generally about 10 m long, 2.2-2.5 m wide, and 1.6 m high.
2 to 3 days before the pre-wet stockpiling, the wheat straw, rice straw, cottonseed husks, etc. are spread on the ground, uniformly sprayed with water, wetted to a degree, and the water content is about 60%; after the dry manure is crushed, add clear water and mix well, Humidity can be controlled in a group, let loose open to the degree, moisture content of 50% to 55%.
Before the stockpile is piled, the site shall be cleaned. The first floor shall be paved, about 30cm thick, 2.5m wide and about 10m long. Then one ply of manure shall be laid on the top to cover the no-grass layer and the dung shall be further laid on the wall. Thick grass, spread 1 layer of feces. Stack up in this order until the pile reaches 1.5 to 1.6 meters. Cover the top layer with manure, such as human urine, and pour in the upper layer instead of water. Cake fat and urea are generally added in the middle of the stack of 3 to 6 layers, and the upper and lower ends are not added to facilitate full fermentation and absorption. When the material is covered, such as grass more than a thousand, may be appropriate to spray water to regulate humidity. Pay attention to the fact that the stack type is vertical and neat, so as to maintain the temperature within the pile and promote the reproduction of good heat microbes. The top of the stack is curved and the top of the stack is covered with curtains to prevent sun exposure. In the middle of the pile, 3 to 5 sticks of 12 to 15 cm wood rods should be added per square meter to ventilate, which is conducive to microbial activity. When it rains, it is covered with a film to prevent rain from pouring into the material. After the rain, the film is removed in time to facilitate ventilation.
The pre-fermentation was carried out three times in total: the first pile was piled 5 to 7 days after the construction of the pile, plus 1/2 compound fertilizer and superphosphate, and the water content of the wheat straw was controlled at 65% to 70%. After the tumbling is over, lime powder is sprinkled around. The second turn of the pile is 4 to 6 days after the first turn, plus 1/2 gypsum powder and superphosphate, the width is expanded to 2m, the height is constant, the length is self-determined, and the water is properly replenished. In case of rain, cover the film in time and open it immediately after the rain stops. The third turnover was carried out for 3 to 4 days after the second turnover. The pH was adjusted to 7.2 to 7.8 during turning and the moisture content of the culture was 63% to 65%. When turning the stack, the division can also be free from days limitation. When the heap temperature reaches 70-75°C, it can be turned.
After the third batch of post-fermentation, 2 to 3 days, when the feed temperature reaches the maximum, the amount of hot water is transferred to the mushroom bed and piled up as planned. The stack height is 50 to 55 cm and the film is then covered. When the material temperature rose to 60 ~ 62 °C, the temperature of about 55 °C, to maintain 6 ~ 10h. It is conducive to the growth of thermophilic microorganisms and also kills germs, germs, and pests. Then cool down to 50 ~ 52 °C, maintain 4 ~ 5 days, so that beneficial medium-temperature thermophilic microorganisms (mainly Humicola and actinomycetes) a large number of reproductive growth. Then remove the film cooling, when down to about 40 °C, put the material on the mushroom bed, thick 25 ~ 30cm, open the doors and windows ventilation and cooling, discharge harmful gases. The fermented culture material has soft and elastic texture, complete grass shape, a broken and broken, brown to dark brown, and a white actinomycete on the surface of the material. The gray and white thermophilic microbial colonies are visible in the material, and no pathogenic bacteria are present. Sour odor, no ammonia, moisture content of about 62%, hand-holding material with 2 to 3 drops of water; pH value of 7.0 to 7.5.
When sowing temperature drops to 25～28°C, cover the plastic film and straw, prepare for sowing, and check before sowing. The thick and thick mycelium is a quality strain. According to the seeding rate of 1 to 1.5 bottles per square meter, the strains are pelleted or gently pulverized into pellets. Spread the total amount of 3/4 to the trampoline evenly, mix the bacterial strain and the culture material with the hand or the tool (about 8cm at the bottom), then level the material surface with a wooden board, and press gently to make The material is suitable for elasticity (thickness is 25~30cm), and the material surface is curved to facilitate earth covering. Then sprinkle the remaining 1/4 species on the surface of the material bed and pry it with your hands or tweezers so that the bacteria species can be leaked into the surface, or a thin layer of wheat straw can be covered on the layer of bacteria and compacted to facilitate colonization. Eating material does not cause the strains to be damaged by excessive dryness or moisture. This is an internationally promoted mixed broadcast + tableau method.
Three days after germination, the mushroom shed was tightly closed and ventilated. 1 to 2 days after sowing, germinated villous hyphae and began to eat in 3 days. In case of high temperature (28～30°C or above), the ventilation should be strengthened, and the vents should be fully opened at night, and the ventilation and cooling should be prevented. Hydrate does not germinate. After 3 days, with the growth of mycelium, the ventilation of the mushroom shed was gradually increased, and the hyphae were encouraged to colonize the culture medium as soon as possible. Usually sown for 7 to 10 days, the mycelium is basically full of material. At this point, should increase ventilation, open vents day and night, reduce air humidity, so that the material surface is dry, and promote hyphae to the humidity of the material growth, shorten the bacteria period, reduce pest and disease infection.
After the cover soil is generally sown 16 to 20 days, when the mycelium grows to or nearly approaches the bottom of the material, it can be covered with soil. Every 100 square meters requires 3 cubic meters of soil with agglomerate structure, multiple pores, strong water holding capacity, and fast water absorption. First sieve the soil with a sieve, add 15kg of lime and mix well, and adjust the moisture content between 16% and 18%. Before the soil covering, the surface of the bacteria bed was lightly tapped to make the surface mycelium broken. After the soil was covered, the mycelium could quickly form a new growth point at the fracture and shorten the time for the hyphae to climb. Cover soil should be uniform, thickness 3 ~ 3.50m. When the soil is covered with coarse soil for about 6 days, hyphae can be seen between the soil seams. When the hyphae penetrate into the coarse soil, cover 1 cm thick dry fine soil.
Before watering and covering the soil, the mushroom is still in the stage of growth of mycelia. The key is water transfer. The principle is to use less jets, ground jets, light jets, and circular jets to achieve the effect of “tuning through soil without leakageâ€. Adjust the moisture 3 times and take two light and medium water sprays. Finally, the soil particles were adjusted to have no white heart, and the texture was loose. The hand could pinch and flatten, the moisture content was 20%, and the air humidity in the mushroom shed was kept at 80% to 85%, and the ground was wet. When the water transfer is to be avoided, the nozzles should be raised or reverse sprayed and adjusted to the upper surface with clear water. The entire water transfer process must be accompanied by ventilation with the temperature, wind force, etc. to maintain the fresh air inside the shed, so that the mycelium grows laterally in the soil layer, and the mycelium grows on the coarse soil and under the fine soil.
On the 8th day after the flooding of the flat soil, a large number of water diversions lead to the overburdening of the overburden layer. Several coarse iron wires can be screwed together and one end can be separated and bent into small rakes to loosen the covering layer of the mushroom bed in order to improve ventilation and moisture conditions. And mix the cover soil so that the broken mycelium spreads over the entire soil layer. This is a commonly used technology in the international industrial production.
Autumn Mushroom Management Overview Agaricus mushroom generally takes about 40 days from sowing, covering the soil to harvesting. The peak period of autumn mushroom production is around November. If the temperature is normal at this time, the white-harvesting mushroom is at the end, and generally 3 to 5 tide mushrooms can be used. From the first tide to the third wave mushroom, the output is more concentrated, accounting for about 70% of the total production of Agaricus bisporus, so autumn mushroom management is the focus of management technology in the production of Agaricus bisporus. During the autumn mushroom, due to the rich nutrients of the culture materials and the appropriate temperature, the growth speed of Agaricus bisporus is high, the density of the mushrooms is high, and the tide cycle is short, and the yield is concentrated. The Agaricus bisporus has a large demand for moisture and air. Therefore, to correctly handle the relationship between temperature, humidity, and ventilation, it is necessary to produce more mushrooms, good mushrooms, and hyphae to lay the foundation for the production of spring mushroom.
Moisture Management Autumn Mushrooms are usually sprayed twice with each mushroom. When each tidal mushroom grows to the soybean grain size, spray one heavy water; when each tidal mushroom harvest receives about 80%, spray a heavy water to supply the moisture needed for the next tidal mushroom formation. After each tide mushroom is sprayed with heavy water, the coarse soil regains sufficient moisture and the water content should be maintained at about 20%. Do not spray water before and after mushrooms, so as not to affect the quality of Agaricus and the formation of the next tidal mushroom. The water spray should be performed at a moderate temperature (below 18°C), and usually spray water at night or early morning or evening.
During the later period of autumn mushrooms, as the temperature gradually decreased, the amount of mushrooms gradually decreased, the density decreased, and the tide times were not obvious. Therefore, the amount of water spray was reduced accordingly, and light spray and ground spraying methods were adopted. Generally, about 0.5kg of water is sprayed per square meter, so that the moisture content of the fine soil is slightly more than that of the previous period. It is necessary to maintain fine soil moisture while maintaining fine soil looseness and softness.
When spraying water, it should be uniform, preferably in the shape of a mist. The sprayer should be inclined upwards or slightly upwards to prevent the water from being sprayed directly on the young mushroom. Before and after the water spray, the dry humidity of the soil particles should be promptly checked so that the amount of water spray can be properly adjusted according to the dry and wet conditions of the soil layer. Spray more at the dry place, less spray at the wet place or not, to promote uniform mushrooming.
Adjustment of Relative Air Humidity After the A. bisporus is unearthed, the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house should reach 90% to 95%. The air humidity is too low, the fruit body grows slowly, the cap is dull, the color is dark, and the single mushroom is light, which seriously affects the yield and quality. The humidity in the mushroom house is too large, and the fruit body is prone to red roots and embroidered spots, and it is easy to incur the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.
The relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house should be flexibly controlled according to the specific situation. During the early period of the autumn mushroom, the temperature is high, the water evaporates quickly, and the mushroom has more water. The relative humidity of the air in the mushroom room is large. After unearthing from the small mushroom until it matures, the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house must meet the maximum requirement to ensure a large amount of water needed for the rapid growth of the fruit body. Spray water on the ground, aisles, walls, and straw curtains 2 to 3 times a day, or increase the ventilation with rainy or wet weather to increase the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house. When the harvest time of each wave mushroom is over, the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom room should be properly reduced, the water in the air and the ground should no longer be sprayed, and the ventilation volume should be increased to promote the growth of the mycelium and enhance the ability of the mushroom. Ventilation of Ventilation and Ventilation of Agaricus bisporus Fruit Bodies is more vigorous than that of mycelium during the growth and development stage, and more carbon dioxide is discharged and the oxygen demand is greater. Therefore, the fresh air must always be kept in the mushroom house after the mushrooming.
Qiu Mushrooms have high temperatures in the early stage and the fruiting body is vigorously breathing. The carbon dioxide concentration in the mushroom house is high. Therefore, the ventilation of the mushroom house should be strengthened. When the temperature in the mushroom room is above 18 CO2, attention should be paid to the fact that ventilation does not increase the temperature in the mushroom house, nor does it reduce the air humidity in the mushroom house. Therefore, the ventilation of the mushroom house should be carried out at night and on a rainy day, and the north and south windows can be fully opened in a windless weather. In the windy weather, only the windscreen is open. In order to solve the contradiction between ventilation and moisturizing, doors and windows should be hung with straw curtains and sprayed with water on the straw curtains so that when ventilation is carried out, the humidity in the mushroom house can be maintained, and hot air can be prevented from directly blowing onto the mushroom bed to avoid yellowing of the mushroom. And affect the quality of Agaricus.
During the later period of the autumn mushroom, the temperature dropped and the Agaricus bisporus decreased. At this time, the carbon dioxide and heat discharged also decreased accordingly. In order to ensure the growth of fruiting bodies, the number of ventilation should be appropriately reduced, and attention should be paid to increasing the temperature in the mushroom house. Ventilation should be carried out during the day when the temperature drops below 14°C in order to increase the temperature inside the mushroom house during ventilation. Mushroom air is fresh, mainly in the carbon dioxide content as an indicator, but also from the growth and morphological changes of Agaricus bisporus determine whether the oxygen is sufficient, such as poor ventilation in the mushroom house, there will be a long handle small mushroom , indicating that the carbon dioxide in the mushroom room exceeds the standard, and it is necessary to conduct ventilation in time. During the picking of the autumn mushrooms, each time the mushrooms are harvested, the dried and yellowed old roots and dead mushrooms left on the beds should be removed. If old roots and dead mushrooms are left in the soil, these old roots have lost their ability to absorb nutrients and grow mushrooms. They will also become moldy and decay over time, causing infections of Trichoderma viridans and other miscellaneous bacteria and pests. Health. After each root cutting, the soil taken away by the mushrooms should be filled with moist fine soil in time to prevent the water from penetrating into the culture medium and affecting the mycelium growth when the water is sprayed.
Winter Management Water Management With the gradual decrease of temperature, there are fewer and fewer mushrooms, the metabolic process of Agaricus bisporus is slowed down, the consumption of water is reduced, and the evaporation of soil moisture is also reduced. It is necessary to reduce the amount of water used on the bed in a timely manner, improve the ventilation in the soil layer, and maintain the viability of mycelium in the soil layer. After the autumn mushroom is finished, it will promptly poke a hole in the opposite side of the culture material, increase the air permeability inside the material, and discharge the harmful gas in the material, so that the material mycelium can live and rejuvenate. When the temperature drops below 10°C, the bed surface should be sprayed with water to reduce the moisture content of the soil, allowing it to be naturally mushroomed and safely enter the winter "sleep state". When the temperature drops below 5°C, in order to maintain a certain degree of humidity in the soil, only 1 or 2 times of water should be sprayed on the bedtop each week to keep fine soils from becoming white and wet. Ventilation After the autumn mushroom is over, the mushroom house must be properly ventilated at noon every day except for strengthening the heat preservation. Noon can open the south window for ventilation 1 ~ 2h, in the case of warm days without wind, the middle-aged can also open north and south facing the window vents, about 5h. In the late winter, in order to restore the growth and development of the hyphae within the soil layer, soil loosening, root removal, and sprinkling bacteria must be thoroughly loosened to remove the old roots and dead mushrooms that have lost their regeneration capacity. , and eliminate long-term accumulation of harmful gases and waste materials within the soil. Before loosening the soil and removing the old root, the mushroom room needs to be ventilated once. The ventilation time is 2 to 3 days, so that the soil moisture evaporates easily. The method of loose soil should be flexibly controlled according to the specific situation. The soil mycelium grows vigorously. It is necessary to scrape the fine soil to one side, turn the coarse soil, break the hyphae of the compacted knots, remove the old roots of the yellowish dried stems, and then cover with fine soil to promote better germination of the hyphae. The soil hyphae is still good, but the compacted mushroom house just scratches the fine soil, stirs the coarse soil, removes the dead mushroom, and then covers the fine soil. The poor mushroom house in the soil layer does not need to scrape off the fine soil. It is only necessary to loosen the coarse and fine soil with a small knife or a small file.
After loosening soil and removing old roots, it is necessary to add moisture in time to facilitate germination. Should be sprayed after the temperature rises, in order to have proper moisture and the appropriate temperature, to promote the germination and growth of mycelium. The germicidal water should be used once enough, and the dosage should be ensured to be just enough to prevent insufficient or excessive usage so that the mycelium cannot grow normally. The total amount of germicidal water is generally about 3kg per square meter, 2 to 3 days after spraying, spray water 1 to 2 times a day. Ventilate properly after spraying.
Mushroom Management Water Management In the winter, about 1 week after the sporulation of water, a new villous hyphae began to appear on the overwintering hyphae between the soil layers. These newly germinated mycelia have poor resistance and are easily shrunk when exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions such as temperature and dryness. Therefore, in any case, you should not spray water or open the doors and windows to vent freely. You should try your best to maintain the original stable conditions. In early spring, the temperature changes greatly. It is necessary to prevent low temperatures and prevent high temperature hazards. In Shandong Province, when the temperature is stable at 8 to 10°C in the middle and early March, soil moisture is adjusted, and the amount of water spray is increased from low to high. The water temperature rises gradually and the mushroom is unearthed in large quantities. Can be increased accordingly, usually spray about 300g per square meter per day. As the temperature rises, mushrooms can gradually increase water consumption.
Adjustment of temperature, humidity and ventilation The spring weather is dry and the temperature changes greatly. Therefore, special attention must be paid to the thermal insulation and moisturizing of the mushroom house. Especially in northern China. The mushroom house management of spring mushroom should be based on heat preservation and moisturizing, so that the mushroom house maintains a relatively stable temperature and humidity environment, which is conducive to the germination and growth of mycelium. At the same time, the temperature and humidity inside the mushroom house can be adjusted by selecting different lengths of time for ventilation, ventilation time and vents. When ventilating, prevent the dry southwest wind from blowing into the mushroom house so as to avoid the yellowing of the soil mycelia and the loss of the ability to produce mushrooms.
After top-dressing, the nutrients in the culture material are reduced, the mushroom type becomes smaller, and the thin-shelled mushroom increases. Commonly used fertilizers: 0.3%～0.5% urea, 1% glucose, 2% raw soybean milk, 0.1% superphosphate, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% fresh yeast liquid, edible fungus to increase the production of healthy and strong nutrients, and nutrient solution of bacteria and vegetables 700 times Wait.
The mushroom mushroom was harvested when the mushroom was harvested without a parachute, and the selling price was high. The harvested umbrella was too late and the pleats became red, the quality was reduced, and the yield was reduced. Should also be based on market spending habits and processing plant needs timely harvest. When harvesting, pinch the mushroom lid with your thumb, index finger, and middle finger and rotate it to avoid harming the surrounding mushrooms. Mushroom can be pulled out by hand, and even the old mycorrhiza is brought out. Harvested once a day, a tide can be recovered for 5 to 7 days, after the harvest, the mushroom handle is cut with a knife to remove impurities. Transport packaging should be provided with a soft liner to prevent crushing and bruising.
Mushroom specifications General mushroom house construction area of ​​160 to 300 square meters is appropriate. The mushroom house is about 4 to 6 meters in height from the ground to the roof, and has a width of about 8 to 10 meters. It is suitable for 9 meters and is about 20 to 30 meters long.
The fresh air needed for the growth and development of Agaricus bisporus in the mushroom house is controlled and regulated by the ventilation of the mushroom house. With good ventilation, it should be slowly diffused in the mushroom house, convective flow, and no dead ends, can be "eat and row out" to ensure the growth and development of Agaricus bisporus. Ventilation openings, generally at the ends of each walkway can be opened on the middle and lower three windows, specifications 40cm46cm; also can open five ventilation windows, size 25cm50cm; each of the middle of the walkway on the roof set a pull-out tube, diameter 25 ~30cm.
Shelves Arrangement and Structure The direction of the arrangement of the agaricus shelf should be perpendicular to the direction of the mushroom house. One shelf is divided into several layers and the arrangement is suitable. Over-density and over-dilution are not conducive to the growth of the mushroom. General layer distance 55 ~ 60cm, high 5 ~ 8 layers, the bottom layer from the ground 15 ~ 20cm, rack and frame between 60 ~ 70cm, bed width 120 ~ 150cm.
The building materials can be selected from reinforced concrete, light steel plates, and bamboo and wood. The first two are expensive and have a long service life. The use of bamboo and wood builders results in low cost, short service life and easy construction.
The optimum temperature for the growth of Agaricus bisporus mycelium was 5 to 33°C and the optimum temperature was 20 to 26°C. The suitable temperature for fruit body growth is 7-28°C, and the optimum temperature is 13-18°C. In Shandong and other places, the natural temperature is used to cultivate Agaricus bisporus, which is usually cultivated once a year, that is, it is cultivated in autumn, and it is cultivated in autumn, overwintering and spring. When using natural air temperature cultivation in Shandong Province, the specific arrangements are: raw material pre-wet (late July) → stockpile fermentation (from the end of July to early August) → sowing (from the end of August to early September) → cover soil (in late September) → Autumn Mushroom Harvest (mid-to-mid-October to mid-December) → Wintering Management → Spring Mushroom Harvest (from March to May). The above time can be flexibly controlled according to changes in climate. Medium formulation (100 square meters, kg) Wheat straw (straw) Cow dung medium Wheat straw (straw) 2200, Dry cow dung 2000 (or dry chicken dung 800), Gypsum 80, Lime 70, Calcium carbonate 60, Superphosphate 40 , ammonium sulfate 20, urea 25, starter 1.5.
Cake Fertilizer (Dung-free) Straw culture medium Straw or wheat straw 3000, rapeseed cake 200, gypsum powder 90, lime 75, superphosphate 50, urea 45, calcium carbonate 40, ammonium sulfate 30, starter 1.5.
Special fertilizer straw culture medium wheat straw 3000, agaricus special fertilizer 300, gypsum 80, lime powder 50 ~ 60, starter 1.5.
Cottonseed husks Cow dung medium Cottonseed hulls 2500, corn cob 1000, wheat bran 130, cake fat 130, dried cow dung 200, urea 20, superphosphate 80, gypsum 40, lime 50, plant ash 50, leavening agent 1.5. The above recipe can be replaced with similar substances. The high output of the material is high, and vice versa.
Composting and selection of fermentation sites to choose a wide area, convenient irrigation and drainage, close to the mushroom shed, away from the chicken barn shed, the best place is the cement floor. If it is a mud surface, it should be compacted, drainage ditch should be set around, and water holes should be excavated in four corners so that the fertilizer discharged from the material can accumulate in the pit and be poured back into the material to avoid loss. The cultivation area of ​​100 m2 is generally about 10 m long, 2.2-2.5 m wide, and 1.6 m high.
2 to 3 days before the pre-wet stockpiling, the wheat straw, rice straw, cottonseed husks, etc. are spread on the ground, uniformly sprayed with water, wetted to a degree, and the water content is about 60%; after the dry manure is crushed, add clear water and mix well, Humidity can be controlled in a group, let loose open to the degree, moisture content of 50% to 55%.
Before the stockpile is piled, the site shall be cleaned. The first floor shall be paved, about 30cm thick, 2.5m wide and about 10m long. Then one ply of manure shall be laid on the top to cover the no-grass layer and the dung shall be further laid on the wall. Thick grass, spread 1 layer of feces. Stack up in this order until the pile reaches 1.5 to 1.6 meters. Cover the top layer with manure, such as human urine, and pour in the upper layer instead of water. Cake fat and urea are generally added in the middle of the stack of 3 to 6 layers, and the upper and lower ends are not added to facilitate full fermentation and absorption. When the material is covered, such as grass more than a thousand, may be appropriate to spray water to regulate humidity. Pay attention to the fact that the stack type is vertical and neat, so as to maintain the temperature within the pile and promote the reproduction of good heat microbes. The top of the stack is curved and the top of the stack is covered with curtains to prevent sun exposure. In the middle of the pile, 3 to 5 sticks of 12 to 15 cm wood rods should be added per square meter to ventilate, which is conducive to microbial activity. When it rains, it is covered with a film to prevent rain from pouring into the material. After the rain, the film is removed in time to facilitate ventilation.
The pre-fermentation was carried out three times in total: the first pile was piled 5 to 7 days after the construction of the pile, plus 1/2 compound fertilizer and superphosphate, and the water content of the wheat straw was controlled at 65% to 70%. After the tumbling is over, lime powder is sprinkled around. The second turn of the pile is 4 to 6 days after the first turn, plus 1/2 gypsum powder and superphosphate, the width is expanded to 2m, the height is constant, the length is self-determined, and the water is properly replenished. In case of rain, cover the film in time and open it immediately after the rain stops. The third turnover was carried out for 3 to 4 days after the second turnover. The pH was adjusted to 7.2 to 7.8 during turning and the moisture content of the culture was 63% to 65%. When turning the stack, the division can also be free from days limitation. When the heap temperature reaches 70-75°C, it can be turned.
After the third batch of post-fermentation, 2 to 3 days, when the feed temperature reaches the maximum, the amount of hot water is transferred to the mushroom bed and piled up as planned. The stack height is 50 to 55 cm and the film is then covered. When the material temperature rose to 60 ~ 62 °C, the temperature of about 55 °C, to maintain 6 ~ 10h. It is conducive to the growth of thermophilic microorganisms and also kills germs, germs, and pests. Then cool down to 50 ~ 52 °C, maintain 4 ~ 5 days, so that beneficial medium-temperature thermophilic microorganisms (mainly Humicola and actinomycetes) a large number of reproductive growth. Then remove the film cooling, when down to about 40 °C, put the material on the mushroom bed, thick 25 ~ 30cm, open the doors and windows ventilation and cooling, discharge harmful gases. The fermented culture material has soft and elastic texture, complete grass shape, a broken and broken, brown to dark brown, and a white actinomycete on the surface of the material. The gray and white thermophilic microbial colonies are visible in the material, and no pathogenic bacteria are present. Sour odor, no ammonia, moisture content of about 62%, hand-holding material with 2 to 3 drops of water; pH value of 7.0 to 7.5.
When sowing temperature drops to 25～28°C, cover the plastic film and straw, prepare for sowing, and check before sowing. The thick and thick mycelium is a quality strain. According to the seeding rate of 1 to 1.5 bottles per square meter, the strains are pelleted or gently pulverized into pellets. Spread the total amount of 3/4 to the trampoline evenly, mix the bacterial strain and the culture material with the hand or the tool (about 8cm at the bottom), then level the material surface with a wooden board, and press gently to make The material is suitable for elasticity (thickness is 25~30cm), and the material surface is curved to facilitate earth covering. Then sprinkle the remaining 1/4 species on the surface of the material bed and pry it with your hands or tweezers so that the bacteria species can be leaked into the surface, or a thin layer of wheat straw can be covered on the layer of bacteria and compacted to facilitate colonization. Eating material does not cause the strains to be damaged by excessive dryness or moisture. This is an internationally promoted mixed broadcast + tableau method.
Three days after germination, the mushroom shed was tightly closed and ventilated. 1 to 2 days after sowing, germinated villous hyphae and began to eat in 3 days. In case of high temperature (28～30°C or above), the ventilation should be strengthened, and the vents should be fully opened at night, and the ventilation and cooling should be prevented. Hydrate does not germinate. After 3 days, with the growth of mycelium, the ventilation of the mushroom shed was gradually increased, and the hyphae were encouraged to colonize the culture medium as soon as possible. Usually sown for 7 to 10 days, the mycelium is basically full of material. At this point, should increase ventilation, open vents day and night, reduce air humidity, so that the material surface is dry, and promote hyphae to the humidity of the material growth, shorten the bacteria period, reduce pest and disease infection.
After the cover soil is generally sown 16 to 20 days, when the mycelium grows to or nearly approaches the bottom of the material, it can be covered with soil. Every 100 square meters requires 3 cubic meters of soil with agglomerate structure, multiple pores, strong water holding capacity, and fast water absorption. First sieve the soil with a sieve, add 15kg of lime and mix well, and adjust the moisture content between 16% and 18%. Before the soil covering, the surface of the bacteria bed was lightly tapped to make the surface mycelium broken. After the soil was covered, the mycelium could quickly form a new growth point at the fracture and shorten the time for the hyphae to climb. Cover soil should be uniform, thickness 3 ~ 3.50m. When the soil is covered with coarse soil for about 6 days, hyphae can be seen between the soil seams. When the hyphae penetrate into the coarse soil, cover 1 cm thick dry fine soil.
Before watering and covering the soil, the mushroom is still in the stage of growth of mycelia. The key is water transfer. The principle is to use less jets, ground jets, light jets, and circular jets to achieve the effect of “tuning through soil without leakageâ€. Adjust the moisture 3 times and take two light and medium water sprays. Finally, the soil particles were adjusted to have no white heart, and the texture was loose. The hand could pinch and flatten, the moisture content was 20%, and the air humidity in the mushroom shed was kept at 80% to 85%, and the ground was wet. When the water transfer is to be avoided, the nozzles should be raised or reverse sprayed and adjusted to the upper surface with clear water. The entire water transfer process must be accompanied by ventilation with the temperature, wind force, etc. to maintain the fresh air inside the shed, so that the mycelium grows laterally in the soil layer, and the mycelium grows on the coarse soil and under the fine soil.
On the 8th day after the flooding of the flat soil, a large number of water diversions lead to the overburdening of the overburden layer. Several coarse iron wires can be screwed together and one end can be separated and bent into small rakes to loosen the covering layer of the mushroom bed in order to improve ventilation and moisture conditions. And mix the cover soil so that the broken mycelium spreads over the entire soil layer. This is a commonly used technology in the international industrial production.
Autumn Mushroom Management Overview Agaricus mushroom generally takes about 40 days from sowing, covering the soil to harvesting. The peak period of autumn mushroom production is around November. If the temperature is normal at this time, the white-harvesting mushroom is at the end, and generally 3 to 5 tide mushrooms can be used. From the first tide to the third wave mushroom, the output is more concentrated, accounting for about 70% of the total production of Agaricus bisporus, so autumn mushroom management is the focus of management technology in the production of Agaricus bisporus. During the autumn mushroom, due to the rich nutrients of the culture materials and the appropriate temperature, the growth speed of Agaricus bisporus is high, the density of the mushrooms is high, and the tide cycle is short, and the yield is concentrated. The Agaricus bisporus has a large demand for moisture and air. Therefore, to correctly handle the relationship between temperature, humidity, and ventilation, it is necessary to produce more mushrooms, good mushrooms, and hyphae to lay the foundation for the production of spring mushroom.
Moisture Management Autumn Mushrooms are usually sprayed twice with each mushroom. When each tidal mushroom grows to the soybean grain size, spray one heavy water; when each tidal mushroom harvest receives about 80%, spray a heavy water to supply the moisture needed for the next tidal mushroom formation. After each tide mushroom is sprayed with heavy water, the coarse soil regains sufficient moisture and the water content should be maintained at about 20%. Do not spray water before and after mushrooms, so as not to affect the quality of Agaricus and the formation of the next tidal mushroom. The water spray should be performed at a moderate temperature (below 18°C), and usually spray water at night or early morning or evening.
During the later period of autumn mushrooms, as the temperature gradually decreased, the amount of mushrooms gradually decreased, the density decreased, and the tide times were not obvious. Therefore, the amount of water spray was reduced accordingly, and light spray and ground spraying methods were adopted. Generally, about 0.5kg of water is sprayed per square meter, so that the moisture content of the fine soil is slightly more than that of the previous period. It is necessary to maintain fine soil moisture while maintaining fine soil looseness and softness.
When spraying water, it should be uniform, preferably in the shape of a mist. The sprayer should be inclined upwards or slightly upwards to prevent the water from being sprayed directly on the young mushroom. Before and after the water spray, the dry humidity of the soil particles should be promptly checked so that the amount of water spray can be properly adjusted according to the dry and wet conditions of the soil layer. Spray more at the dry place, less spray at the wet place or not, to promote uniform mushrooming.
Adjustment of Relative Air Humidity After the A. bisporus is unearthed, the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house should reach 90% to 95%. The air humidity is too low, the fruit body grows slowly, the cap is dull, the color is dark, and the single mushroom is light, which seriously affects the yield and quality. The humidity in the mushroom house is too large, and the fruit body is prone to red roots and embroidered spots, and it is easy to incur the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.
The relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house should be flexibly controlled according to the specific situation. During the early period of the autumn mushroom, the temperature is high, the water evaporates quickly, and the mushroom has more water. The relative humidity of the air in the mushroom room is large. After unearthing from the small mushroom until it matures, the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house must meet the maximum requirement to ensure a large amount of water needed for the rapid growth of the fruit body. Spray water on the ground, aisles, walls, and straw curtains 2 to 3 times a day, or increase the ventilation with rainy or wet weather to increase the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom house. When the harvest time of each wave mushroom is over, the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom room should be properly reduced, the water in the air and the ground should no longer be sprayed, and the ventilation volume should be increased to promote the growth of the mycelium and enhance the ability of the mushroom. Ventilation of Ventilation and Ventilation of Agaricus bisporus Fruit Bodies is more vigorous than that of mycelium during the growth and development stage, and more carbon dioxide is discharged and the oxygen demand is greater. Therefore, the fresh air must always be kept in the mushroom house after the mushrooming.
Qiu Mushrooms have high temperatures in the early stage and the fruiting body is vigorously breathing. The carbon dioxide concentration in the mushroom house is high. Therefore, the ventilation of the mushroom house should be strengthened. When the temperature in the mushroom room is above 18 CO2, attention should be paid to the fact that ventilation does not increase the temperature in the mushroom house, nor does it reduce the air humidity in the mushroom house. Therefore, the ventilation of the mushroom house should be carried out at night and on a rainy day, and the north and south windows can be fully opened in a windless weather. In the windy weather, only the windscreen is open. In order to solve the contradiction between ventilation and moisturizing, doors and windows should be hung with straw curtains and sprayed with water on the straw curtains so that when ventilation is carried out, the humidity in the mushroom house can be maintained, and hot air can be prevented from directly blowing onto the mushroom bed to avoid yellowing of the mushroom. And affect the quality of Agaricus.
During the later period of the autumn mushroom, the temperature dropped and the Agaricus bisporus decreased. At this time, the carbon dioxide and heat discharged also decreased accordingly. In order to ensure the growth of fruiting bodies, the number of ventilation should be appropriately reduced, and attention should be paid to increasing the temperature in the mushroom house. Ventilation should be carried out during the day when the temperature drops below 14°C in order to increase the temperature inside the mushroom house during ventilation. Mushroom air is fresh, mainly in the carbon dioxide content as an indicator, but also from the growth and morphological changes of Agaricus bisporus determine whether the oxygen is sufficient, such as poor ventilation in the mushroom house, there will be a long handle small mushroom , indicating that the carbon dioxide in the mushroom room exceeds the standard, and it is necessary to conduct ventilation in time. During the picking of the autumn mushrooms, each time the mushrooms are harvested, the dried and yellowed old roots and dead mushrooms left on the beds should be removed. If old roots and dead mushrooms are left in the soil, these old roots have lost their ability to absorb nutrients and grow mushrooms. They will also become moldy and decay over time, causing infections of Trichoderma viridans and other miscellaneous bacteria and pests. Health. After each root cutting, the soil taken away by the mushrooms should be filled with moist fine soil in time to prevent the water from penetrating into the culture medium and affecting the mycelium growth when the water is sprayed.
Winter Management Water Management With the gradual decrease of temperature, there are fewer and fewer mushrooms, the metabolic process of Agaricus bisporus is slowed down, the consumption of water is reduced, and the evaporation of soil moisture is also reduced. It is necessary to reduce the amount of water used on the bed in a timely manner, improve the ventilation in the soil layer, and maintain the viability of mycelium in the soil layer. After the autumn mushroom is finished, it will promptly poke a hole in the opposite side of the culture material, increase the air permeability inside the material, and discharge the harmful gas in the material, so that the material mycelium can live and rejuvenate. When the temperature drops below 10°C, the bed surface should be sprayed with water to reduce the moisture content of the soil, allowing it to be naturally mushroomed and safely enter the winter "sleep state". When the temperature drops below 5°C, in order to maintain a certain degree of humidity in the soil, only 1 or 2 times of water should be sprayed on the bedtop each week to keep fine soils from becoming white and wet. Ventilation After the autumn mushroom is over, the mushroom house must be properly ventilated at noon every day except for strengthening the heat preservation. Noon can open the south window for ventilation 1 ~ 2h, in the case of warm days without wind, the middle-aged can also open north and south facing the window vents, about 5h. In the late winter, in order to restore the growth and development of the hyphae within the soil layer, soil loosening, root removal, and sprinkling bacteria must be thoroughly loosened to remove the old roots and dead mushrooms that have lost their regeneration capacity. , and eliminate long-term accumulation of harmful gases and waste materials within the soil. Before loosening the soil and removing the old root, the mushroom room needs to be ventilated once. The ventilation time is 2 to 3 days, so that the soil moisture evaporates easily. The method of loose soil should be flexibly controlled according to the specific situation. The soil mycelium grows vigorously. It is necessary to scrape the fine soil to one side, turn the coarse soil, break the hyphae of the compacted knots, remove the old roots of the yellowish dried stems, and then cover with fine soil to promote better germination of the hyphae. The soil hyphae is still good, but the compacted mushroom house just scratches the fine soil, stirs the coarse soil, removes the dead mushroom, and then covers the fine soil. The poor mushroom house in the soil layer does not need to scrape off the fine soil. It is only necessary to loosen the coarse and fine soil with a small knife or a small file.
After loosening soil and removing old roots, it is necessary to add moisture in time to facilitate germination. Should be sprayed after the temperature rises, in order to have proper moisture and the appropriate temperature, to promote the germination and growth of mycelium. The germicidal water should be used once enough, and the dosage should be ensured to be just enough to prevent insufficient or excessive usage so that the mycelium cannot grow normally. The total amount of germicidal water is generally about 3kg per square meter, 2 to 3 days after spraying, spray water 1 to 2 times a day. Ventilate properly after spraying.
Mushroom Management Water Management In the winter, about 1 week after the sporulation of water, a new villous hyphae began to appear on the overwintering hyphae between the soil layers. These newly germinated mycelia have poor resistance and are easily shrunk when exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions such as temperature and dryness. Therefore, in any case, you should not spray water or open the doors and windows to vent freely. You should try your best to maintain the original stable conditions. In early spring, the temperature changes greatly. It is necessary to prevent low temperatures and prevent high temperature hazards. In Shandong Province, when the temperature is stable at 8 to 10°C in the middle and early March, soil moisture is adjusted, and the amount of water spray is increased from low to high. The water temperature rises gradually and the mushroom is unearthed in large quantities. Can be increased accordingly, usually spray about 300g per square meter per day. As the temperature rises, mushrooms can gradually increase water consumption.
Adjustment of temperature, humidity and ventilation The spring weather is dry and the temperature changes greatly. Therefore, special attention must be paid to the thermal insulation and moisturizing of the mushroom house. Especially in northern China. The mushroom house management of spring mushroom should be based on heat preservation and moisturizing, so that the mushroom house maintains a relatively stable temperature and humidity environment, which is conducive to the germination and growth of mycelium. At the same time, the temperature and humidity inside the mushroom house can be adjusted by selecting different lengths of time for ventilation, ventilation time and vents. When ventilating, prevent the dry southwest wind from blowing into the mushroom house so as to avoid the yellowing of the soil mycelia and the loss of the ability to produce mushrooms.
After top-dressing, the nutrients in the culture material are reduced, the mushroom type becomes smaller, and the thin-shelled mushroom increases. Commonly used fertilizers: 0.3%～0.5% urea, 1% glucose, 2% raw soybean milk, 0.1% superphosphate, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% fresh yeast liquid, edible fungus to increase the production of healthy and strong nutrients, and nutrient solution of bacteria and vegetables 700 times Wait.
The mushroom mushroom was harvested when the mushroom was harvested without a parachute, and the selling price was high. The harvested umbrella was too late and the pleats became red, the quality was reduced, and the yield was reduced. Should also be based on market spending habits and processing plant needs timely harvest. When harvesting, pinch the mushroom lid with your thumb, index finger, and middle finger and rotate it to avoid harming the surrounding mushrooms. Mushroom can be pulled out by hand, and even the old mycorrhiza is brought out. Harvested once a day, a tide can be recovered for 5 to 7 days, after the harvest, the mushroom handle is cut with a knife to remove impurities. Transport packaging should be provided with a soft liner to prevent crushing and bruising.
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