In recent years, the planting area of ​​fruits with important economic value such as fruits, vegetables, flowers and flowers has expanded rapidly, and the production area of ​​protected areas has been increasing. High-density cultivation of facility agriculture and planting a crop on the same land for several years are beneficial to the soil. Accumulation, growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria. If such diseases are not controlled in time, it will cause serious production cuts or reduce product quality, and even cause no harvest. Soil disinfection is one of the important measures to control soil-borne diseases, and has become an urgent requirement of farmers. Commonly used measures include reasonable rotation, application of organic fertilizer, soil modification and disinfection of pharmaceuticals.
First, a reasonable rotation
Rotation can make rational use of soil nutrients and water, improve soil structure, and fertilize soil fertility. At the same time, due to the different host plants, the environmental conditions for the survival of the pests and diseases have changed greatly, which greatly reduced the occurrence of pests and diseases. It can also eliminate crop poisoning caused by the accumulation of toxic substances secreted by crops caused by continuous cropping.
Second, increase the application of organic fertilizer
Organic fertilizers have special effects such as increasing soil organic matter, improving soil structure and tillage, enhancing soil water retention, maintaining fertilizer capacity, increasing soil temperature, and promoting microbial activity. Adding organic fertilizer can also dilute the pests and diseases in the soil and reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases.
Third, the transformation of the soil
The incorporation of fertile and mature non-toxic soil into the field or seedbed reduces the concentration of pests and diseases, changes the environment of pests and diseases and reduces the harm of pests and diseases.
Fourth, soil high temperature disinfection treatment
1. Solar disinfection. After the greenhouse crops are harvested, the old plants in the field are removed, the organic fertilizer is applied, and the ground is flattened. In July-August, when the temperature reaches 35°C or above, the transparent heat-absorbing film is used to cover the soil temperature. To 50-60 ° C, sealed for 15-20 days, can kill a variety of pathogens in the soil.
Small-area plots can be placed on clean concrete floors, wooden boards or iron sheets, thin and flat, exposed for 3-15 days, killing a large number of pathogen spores, hyphae and pest eggs , pests, nematodes.
2. Steam heat disinfection. It is heated by a steam boiler, and the steam heat energy is poured into the soil through a conduit to raise the temperature of the soil and kill the pathogenic bacteria, so as to achieve the purpose of preventing soil-borne diseases. This method of disinfection requires complicated equipment and is only suitable for small-area application of crops with high economic value on the seedbed. (1) Pot steaming and disinfection method; put the nutrient soil into the steamer and heat it to 60-100 °C for 30-60 minutes (the heating time should not be too long, so as not to kill the beneficial microorganisms that can decompose the fertilizer, affecting the normal growth and development of the flower. ). (2) Disinfection cabinet disinfection method; firstly convert a lidded container such as a large gasoline barrel or a box into a steam disinfection cabinet, and then pass a pipe from the wall to the steam furnace (heating boiler, etc.). Put the culture soil into the cabinet (barrel), open the inlet pipe valve, and let the steam enter the gap of the soil layer. Be careful not to cover the seal too tightly to prevent explosion. After 30 minutes, most bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects can be killed and most weed seeds are deactivated.
3, boiled and disinfected. Pour the culture soil into the pot, add water to boil for 30-60 minutes, then filter off the water to dry to moderate humidity. This method is only suitable for small-area application of crops with higher economic value on the seedbed.
4, fire disinfection. (1) frying method: a small amount of soil for protecting the seedbed bed or potting and basin insertion, can be placed in a wok or iron plate and fired, and then burned for 0.5-2 hours after the soil has dried. The pests and diseases in the field are completely eliminated. The advantage of this method is that the organic matter in the soil can be burned to ash, so that the cutting or seeding substrate is more pure, thereby preventing the seedlings or cuttings from being moldy and rotten. (2) Combustion method: On the open seedbed, the dry firewood is tiled on the surface to ignite, so that not only the germs, pests and eggs in the topsoil can be eliminated, but also a part of the potash can be added after tillage.
Five, pharmaceutical treatment
1. Spray or watering method. Dilute the drug to a certain concentration with water, spray it on the surface layer of the soil with a sprayer, or directly into the soil, so that the drug solution penetrates into the deep layer of the soil and kills the bacteria in the soil. Spraying and applying the soil is suitable for field, nursery and nutrient soil, and lawn regeneration. The irrigation method is suitable for the irrigation of fruit trees, melons, and solanaceous crops, and the disinfection of various crop beds, and the prevention and treatment of seedling diseases. The effect is remarkable.
2. Formaldehyde (formalin) disinfection method. (1) Use 50ml of formaldehyde per 1 square meter of land, 6-12L of water or 40ml of 40% formaldehyde per 0.1 square meter of land, and 1-3L of water. 10-12 days before sowing, spray it on the seeding ground with a fine eye sprinkler or sprayer, cover it with a film tightly, do not ventilate it, and uncover it one week before sowing to make the liquid evaporate. (2) Evenly spread the dilution solution of 40% formaldehyde 400-500ml with water 50 times per 1 square meter of culture soil, then pile the soil, cover the plastic film, seal for 24-48 hours, remove the cover, spread Open the soil and wait until the formaldehyde gas has completely evaporated. (3) Spray the bed soil with 0.5% formaldehyde, mix well, stack, seal with film for 5-7 days, then peel off the film to make the taste of the drug volatilize. (4) The sandstone matrix can be directly immersed in 50-100 times formaldehyde solution for 2-4 hours, and then rinsed with water for 2-3 times.
3, Daisen ammonium disinfection method. Dysonium is an organic sulfur fungicide with strong bactericidal power and can penetrate into plants. It still has certain fertilizer effects after plant decomposition. 3 kg of the dilution solution was poured per 1 m2 of the nursery with 50% of the dexamethasone 350 times solution. This method can control black spot, downy mildew, powdery mildew and blight of flowers, and can effectively prevent and cure various diseases of bulbous bulbs.
4, Bordeaux liquid disinfection method. For every 1 square meter of nursery, use Bordeaux liquid (copper sulfate; lime; water ratio of 1; 1; 100) 2.5kg, add Sai Sai 10g to spray the soil, and wait until the soil is slightly dry. This method has obvious effects on the prevention and treatment of black spot, gray mold, rust, brown spot and anthracnose.
5. Poisonous soil law. The agent is formulated into toxic soil and then applied. The preparation method of the toxic soil is prepared by mixing the pesticide (emulsifier, wettable powder) and the fine soil having a certain humidity in proportion. The application methods of toxic soil include ditch application, acupoint application and application.
6, fumigation method. The fumigant is injected into the soil by using a soil syringe or a soil disinfecting machine, and a cover such as a film is covered on the surface of the soil, and the toxic gas of the fumigant is diffused in the soil in a closed or semi-closed facility to kill the bacteria. After the soil is fumigated, the pesticide can be sown after the agent is fully dispersed. Otherwise, it is easy to cause phytotoxicity. Commonly used soil fumigation disinfectants are methyl bromide, formaldehyde, and the like. This method has applications in the cultivation of strawberries, watermelons, vegetables in seedling agriculture, seedling beds of seedlings, and green lawn cultivation. For example, for every 1 square meter of land, use 45% of chlorothalonil smoke agent for 1 hour.
Precautions. When disinfecting the soil, it is necessary to pay attention to safety. Before use, first grasp the method of use, and the operator must undergo technical training. It can't be disinfected in a closed greenhouse. It is strictly forbidden to engage in agricultural farming during ventilation. The plots being disinfected should be clearly marked.
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