How to open public data in the medical field? Different countries have different strategies for opening data due to different organizational structures, judicial environment, history and political environment. The French Ministry of Health's Open Data Committee of Health has selected the five most informative and representative countries (UK, USA, Canada, Denmark and Singapore) after comparing the public data openness policies and measures in the health care sector in 15 countries around the world. )Were studied.
The study found that although public data in the health sector has been focused on, the ultimate goal is to improve the transparency of health services, provide convenience for patients, and encourage innovation in public and private health institutions.
First, the main types of open data
(a) Denmark
Employment register
The register includes all data on all health care practitioners in Denmark who have obtained a medical degree, such as name, date of birth, place of work, occupation, time to obtain a degree, etc. This information is available at Sundhed. In the database on the dk website, the relevant information of the medical practitioners and related information of the employment agencies are inquired.
Medical product statistics register
The register includes sales records for all pharmaceutical products and is categorized by year, country of manufacture, age and gender of the buyer.
(2) Canada
Canadian Institute for Health Information disclosed in the two data sets, to promote Canada's health information system played a positive role.
The first data set contains the average length of hospital stay and different hospital price lists (based on region, patient age, and type of care). Based on this data set, developers have launched a “patient cost evaluator†to help patients predict the average hospital stay and cost.
The second data set contains the waiting time for all eight hospital departments. Ourhealthsystem. Based on this dataset, developers at the ca website have developed a tool to estimate the waiting time for different types of departments in different regions. This service is very practical in Canada because it must be registered on the queuing table before going to Canada.
(3) United States
Hospital Comparison (Hospital Compare) data set
The data set contains data on patient satisfaction survey reports and hospital quality indicators, and introduces relevant application tools. US citizens can choose to visit a hospital by comparing more than a dozen medical quality indicators in different hospitals (such as the average time of pain after surgery in a hospital). The relevant data can also be downloaded.
WONDER database
The database contains the number of adverse events caused by different types of vaccines for patients of different ages and genders.
(4) United Kingdom
NHS Choices website
The site provides patient satisfaction scores for various medical institutions across the country to help British citizens choose a medical institution and make an appointment online. In addition, data on hospital prescriptions, monthly average medications, and medical costs have been opened.
According to the data, Mastodon C of the United Kingdom found that the introduction of generic statin prescriptions can help save 200 million pounds of statin medical expenses each year.
(5) Singapore
Epidemiological data set
Singapore has opened up some epidemiological datasets, particularly the number of dengue cases and hotspots. Dengue fever is a major health problem in Singapore. Pre-arranged preventive work can help reduce the risk of dengue fever infection.
Second, the purpose of open data
(1) Improve the transparency of the medical and health system
Open public health data in Denmark and Canada are characterized by wide coverage, appropriate depth and large aggregates. At the same time, Denmark and Canada are still among the few countries that have opened up health care consumption data (although openness is limited). Denmark publishes data on each visit to each patient in all hospitals in its National Patient Registry (NPR). Inquirers can download relevant forms by entering relevant search criteria (such as age, gender, year, etc.) in the system. .
Canada in ourhealthsystem. The five key data of the Canadian health system are open to the public on the ca website, including: difficulty in each hospital visit, medical level, cost, disease prevention, and changes in the health of the national population. The site uses the Canadian Institute of Medical Information (CIHI) database, which is intuitive, accessible and easy to understand.
However, the reuse of these open data is still subject to legal restrictions to some extent. For example, the data that Denmark has opened on the National Serum Institute website is for the patient's own use.
(2) Providing convenient services for patients
The United Kingdom and the United States are characterized by open access to data on the quality of health care facilities and health practitioners, such as the United Kingdom, which publishes data on post-hospital mortality, while the United States publishes medical quality data for health institutions that are reflected in patient surveys. However, due to the limited coverage of the patient's public database, there are few medical consumption data published in these two countries, and the data that has been opened for inquiry is usually charged.
In addition, the United Kingdom and the United States have launched a special service that provides search tools to help the public choose the right health institutions and professionals. The UK's NHS Choices website not only helps patients find medical information but also visits online: by entering keywords or symptoms, the site can find information on 500 drugs or 700 diseases and help patients find the right one. Doctor and related treatment information.
(3) Encourage data reuse and innovation
Although Singapore only has limited medical data sets open to the public, it encourages society to reuse fully open data. The Singapore Government Open Data Portal specifically provides data re-use applications, such as providing dataset virtualization to developers through the OneMap platform. In addition, Singapore's public agency Up Singapore also hosted an open data innovation competition, in particular the Health Up Challege competition in health care, to encourage open data reuse for health care.
Third, the analysis of favorable factors for the opening of public health data
(1) Strong public health data willingness to open
Five countries have developed public data open strategies. Canada and Denmark are the oldest countries in the public data open strategy: the Canadian government announced the first “Open Data Initiative†in 1990; Denmark opened its government data in the 1980s, written in law, 2009 The “Open Data Innovation Strategy†was announced to further promote the opening of public data and encourage economic innovation and transparency of government information. In addition, the United States passed the law that the federal government data was open to the public in 1996. The Open Government Initiative and the Affordable Care Act, which were introduced in 2010, opened the prelude to the opening of medical and health data. Subsequently, the US government introduced health care. Data open portal healthdata. Gov.
(2) Perfect database system
The collection, processing and aggregation of medical and health data have an impact on the scope and depth of data opening. The public institutions responsible for pooling health data in these countries have contributed to the establishment of a wide-area database and have an important role to play. For example, the Danish government has created a patient register since 1970, recording each patient's visit, which is equivalent to establishing a comprehensive database system that matches the patient identification system. Researchers can query detailed data. information.
Conversely, there are numerous public or private data aggregation systems in the United States, but the limited opportunities to match national databases have led to fragmentation of data and impeded data openness.
(3) Sound policies and regulations
All four countries except Singapore have all the laws related to information rights. In addition, some countries require the public sector to open data through laws, regulations or government documents.
For example, the Canadian Government's 2010 Access to Information Act requires regional public agencies to publish data lists and request open data in accordance with relevant formats; the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act facilitates the establishment of a “medical insurance and Medicaid†database. .
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