Pea is one of the common vegetable varieties in rural areas. In recent years, due to the warmer winter season, it is cultivated in greenhouses. However, the warm and humid climate in the shed has led to a trend of increasing pests and diseases, which has greatly affected farmers' planting benefits.
1 Cultivation techniques
Fresh peas include sweet and crispy peas and peas.
1.1 Requirements for environmental conditions
Peas are semi-cold-resistant vegetables that are hot and cold, and the optimum growth temperature is 16-20 °C. It is not resistant to frost and high temperature during flowering and pod-forming period, and it has wide adaptability to soil, but it is better to use loose soil with high organic matter content. It is required to add a certain amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer during growth. The planting area requires no pollution of water, soil and gas, convenient drainage and irrigation, moderate pH and pH value of 5.5-6.5.
1.2 Cultivars
In Chenggong, the peas are mainly fresh food, from the sowing date to the flowering period of 50 to 60 days, generally 15 days after flowering, the growth of the pods stops, the pods are semi-drum-like, and the color should be harvested in time when the color is fresh and green. If the management measures are right, the harvest period can be as long as 2 to 3 months.
1 Sweet and crispy peas are divided into soft pods and hard pods. Soft pods are: Qizhen 323, Qizhen 76, Taichung No. 13, Acacia 66, beautiful green, precious, crisp, etc. The following are recommended varieties.
a. Qizhen 76. The growth potential is strong, the disease resistance is good, the pods are green, full and sweet, the plant height is more than 200 cm, the number of pods per plant is 26-30, and the yield of 667 m2 is about 1 200 kg.
b. No. 13 in Taichung. Early maturity, good growth, plant height of about 200 cm, white flowers, low pod nodes, large tender pods, fat shape, slightly curved green, sowing to harvest for about 65 days.
c. Cool. It grows vigorously and has good resistance. The plant height is about 200 cm. The white flowers and the pod-forming nodes are low. One flower spike has 1 to 2 pods. The pods are tender green, fat and shiny. The seeds are harvested for about 50 days. Hard pods include: Cuizhu, New Zealand, Zhongwan No.6, Zhongwan No.4 and so on.
2 Dutch beans
a. Improved pods and peas. Early maturity, wide adaptability, dwarf stem, plant height 80 cm, white flowers, large pods, green emeralds, fleshy, pod length 14-17 cm, width 3.0-3.5 cm, 667 m2 yield 600-700 kg.
b. Taichung No. 11 (small pod). Strong growth potential, good disease resistance, plant height 200 cm or more, more than 30 pods per plant, small pods 8.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, white flowers.
1.3 Site preparation and planting
Peas should not be used in continuous cropping with legumes. The planting area should be deep fertilized and planted. When planting, 667 m2 of composted organic fertilizer 2 000-3 000 kg, calcium 50 kg, potassium sulfate 15-20 kg, or compound fertilizer 50 Kg, the organic fertilizer is applied to the whole field, and the chemical fertilizer can be applied to the pond or the pond. The ridge is opened at 1.0 to 1.1 m, the width of the raft is 45 to 50 cm, the width of the groove is 50 to 60 cm, and the seed is single row. The plant spacing is 8 to 10 cm. One seed per pond; or 1.4 to 1.5 m. 50 ~ 60 cm, groove width 80 ~ 90 cm, each row of two rows, plant spacing 25 ~ 30 cm, 2 to 3 capsules per pond. Covered with plastic film. Hard-shelled sweet-brown peas can be sown in the pond, with a row spacing of 25 to 30 cm × 50 cm, and 3 to 4 seeds per pond, 3 to 4 kg per 667 m2.
1.4 Daejeon Fertilizer Management and Inserting
1 fertilizer water management pea seedling period is more drought-tolerant, less water demand, if the climate is dry, can be watered 1 or 2 times, into the flowering and pod-forming period, the water demand increases, not water shortage, should always keep the soil moist, in case of heavy rain Timely draining to prevent rotten roots. Fertilization at seedling stage depends on the growth of seedlings. If the seedlings are weak, the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be combined with watering, and 667 m2 of urea is applied for 15-20 kg. The amount of fertilizer needed to enter the flowering and pod-forming period is increased. 2 times, generally 20 to 30 kg of urea, or 10 kg of compound fertilizer. At the same time, it can be sprayed with Shengzhifeng, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Yunda 120, bean pod, and green Fenwei.
2 inserts hard pods sweet and crispy peas can not be framed, while other varieties should be inserted in time when the seedlings grow to a height of about 30 cm. The height of the frame should be more than 2 m. The frame should be made of bamboo poles or wooden poles. Insert 2 pieces every 2~3 m, insert into a "human" shape, bundle a crossbar on the fork, and then pull the line to lead the vines to make the vines grow up. Keep the ventilation and light between the lines, easy to manage, but the frame should be inserted and can not be inverted during the growth period.
2 Characteristics and regularity of main diseases of peas
2.1 Pea powdery mildew
1 The damage parts and symptoms are mainly harmful leaves, stems and pods, which start from the leaves. White powdery yellowish spots appear in the early stage of leaf infection, and then expand into irregularly shaped powder spots, which are connected to each other and the surface of the diseased part is white powder. Covered (Fig. 1), brown or purple plaque on the back of the leaf. After the disease spread, it spread to the whole leaf, and the leaves quickly died of yellow and dead. The stems and pods also showed small pink spots. In severe cases, the stems were yellow and the stems were shrinking.
2 pathogen pea powdery mildew belongs to the fungi of the fungus.
3 incidence of disease in summer, high temperature, rainy and humid environment is prone to prevalence, sometimes the weather is dry, the disease can still occur seriously. The disease can infect seeds through pea pods. It is a rare powdery mildew that is transmitted by seeds. It can be spread by airflow and rainwater. It can be repeatedly infested without obvious wintering. The pathogens are transmitted by conidia between host crops. In addition to infesting peas, they can also invade other crops such as leguminous plants, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, etc., which is one of the main diseases of peas.
2.2 pea brown spot disease
1 The harmful parts and symptoms are common diseases in peas, and the production is mixed with black spot and brown streak. Mainly harmful leaves, stems, pods. The leaves are infected with round hazel to dark brown spots (Fig. 2). The edges of the lesions are obvious. When the humidity is high, it is stained yellow or grayish brown. When it is severe, the leaves are dead and yellow, which greatly affects the yield and quality of the pea. In the mid-fertility period, the heavier occurs, followed by the seedling stage.
2 pathogen pea shells of the genus Aspergillus subsp.
3 The onset of disease in the field 15 ~ 20 ° C and rainy and humid environment is easy to occur, conidia by rainwater transmission for re-infection, in addition to harming peas, can also infect broad beans and kidney beans.
2.3 pea brown disease
1 The damages and symptoms are mainly harmful leaves, stems and pods. The leaves are infected with irregular lavender spots. Under high temperature and high humidity conditions, the lesions spread rapidly and spread over the entire leaves. The leaves turn yellow and twisted and die; some are dark brown irregular wheel spots (Figure 3). The central necrosis produces black dots. The petiole and stem infected did not form a wheel pattern, and the posterior lesion was centrally depressed. The germ can invade the inside of the seed from the pod.
2 pathogenic peas of the genus Ascomycetes subspecies fungus.
3 The pathogenesis of the disease mainly causes the mycelium or conidia to overwinter on the seeds, sowing the diseased seeds in the next year, and getting sick after emergence. The mid-fertility disease occurred most seriously, followed by the seedling stage. Seeding too early or suffering from cold damage, soil viscosity in vegetable fields, excessive humidity, excessive nitrogen fertilizer or excessive growth of plants.
2.4 Pea blight
1 The damage site and symptoms are also called pea-based rot, which mainly occurs in the seedling stage. When the seed is infected, the roots of the seedlings or the roots and necks become brown to reddish-brown oval or long-shaped lesions. The diseased part gradually shrinks or cracks, causing the seedlings to grow slowly, break down, and die, humidity. Large brownish filamentous filamentous layer.
2 The pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain fusion group belongs to the fungi of the fungus.
3 The onset of the disease is that the mycelium or sclerotia overwinter in the soil and can be spoiled in the soil for 2 to 3 years. The hyphae can directly invade the host and spread through the water flow and the agricultural implement. If the seeding is too dense, the seedlings are not timely, the temperature and humidity are too high or the off-season cultivation is easy to induce diseases, which can occur all year round. In addition to harmful beans, the disease can also infect crops such as melons, solanaceous, cabbage, rapeseed, and cabbage.
2.5 pea rust
1 The damage and symptoms mainly occur in the late growth stage of peas, mainly affecting leaves and stems. In the early stage of leaf infection, small round red-brown edema was produced on the leaf surface or leaf back. After the rupture, dark brown powder was scattered. Later, dark brown ridges appeared in the diseased part, and black powder appeared after longitudinal cracking. Symptoms of the stem are similar to those of the leaves.
2 pathogen pea rust fungus, is a Basidiomycosis fungus.
3 pathogenesis of the pathogen is a parasitic bacteria. Inoculation and reinfection with summer spores, spread by airflow, and complete the infection cycle. Generally, the incidence of spring and summer is heavier. Low-lying stagnant water, soily, densely growing, poorly ventilated fields or heavier onset during off-season cultivation. In addition to harming peas, it can also infect other beans.
2.6 pea root rot
1 The diseased parts and symptoms can be affected from seedlings to adult plants, and most of them are affected by flowering, mainly roots or rhizomes. The lower leaves of the diseased plants first yellowed and gradually developed to the middle and upper parts, causing the whole plant to turn yellow and wither. The main and lateral roots are initially brownish and then blackened. The roots are longitudinally sectioned, the vascular bundles are browned or reddish, and the nodules and root hairs are significantly reduced. Lightly, the plants are dwarfed, the stems are thin, the leaves are small or the leaves are pale green, and the individual branches are Wilt or blight, although the light disease plant can flower pods, but the number of pods is greatly reduced or the kernels are thin; the base of the diseased stem is curled or sag brown, showing a thin waist, the cortex of the disease is rotted, and a large number of dead after flowering The granules are not collected, resulting in a yellowish whole field (Fig. 4), which is one of the most important diseases in pea cultivation areas.
2 pathogen pea genus Fusarium is a fungus of the fungus.
3 The pathogenesis of the pathogen is soil-dwelling bacteria, which can spread and spread by soil, diseased bodies and seeds, and invade by roots. Continuous cropping, excessive rainfall after drought, poor drainage can increase the incidence and prevalence of diseases.
2.7 pea yellow top disease
1 Infected parts and symptoms After the disease of pea plants, the plants are dwarfed, and the newly extracted top leaves are yellowed, smaller, and crisp, and the leaf axils extract a number of adventitious buds, showing clumps. In the early stages, the disease was not podted, and the heavy plants died.
2 pathogen pea yellow top virus.
3 The onset of the disease virus overwinter on the living host, infected by soybean meal. The aphids suck on the diseased plants for the shortest 3 hours, and pass the virus to the healthy plants through the oral needles. The incubation time of the virus in the aphids (including the time of aphid drug use) is at least 8 to 12 hours, and the poisonous aphids feed on the healthy plants. It can be transported for at least 15 minutes. It can be transmitted for 5 to 9 days, and the virus is bred for 5 to 20 days in pea plants. The virus is not transmitted by eggs, and the offspring are not poisoned. The length of the incubation period is closely related to the temperature, the temperature is high, the incubation period is short, the temperature is low, and the incubation period is long. In the presence of toxic sources, the season or ecological environment conducive to aphid reproduction activities is conducive to disease.
3 The main pests of peas are harmful and regular
3.1 Cardamom
1 The morphological characteristics are mainly legumes such as peas, cowpeas, and broad beans. The mites are small, divided into two types, winged and wingless, with green or black body color, sucking mouthparts, and tails at the end of the abdomen. A pair of abdominal tubes.
2 The characteristics and laws of the occurrence of damage occur all year round, and the breeding is fast under high temperature and drought conditions, and it is more harmful in spring. The cluster host leaves the young leaves, tender stems, tender tips and flower bulbs to suck the juice, which forms faded spots on the sucking parts, causing the leaves to curl and deform. In severe cases, the plants are wilting and dead. Aphids are the vector of the virus and often cause pea virus disease.
3.2 Liriomyza huidobrensis
1 Morphological characteristics In 1994, with the flower entering Kunming, Yunnan, it was a dangerous quarantine object, and it is distributed throughout the country. Mainly for peas, broad beans, celery, lettuce, spinach, rape, potato, chrysanthemum, carnation and other crops, the morphological characteristics are similar to Liriomyza sativae, adult gray-black, small body, larvae white, posterior valve 6 to 9 pores, the body is white and transparent.
2 The characteristics and laws of the occurrence are harmful throughout the year, overlapping generations, 11 to 12 generations per year, and the peaks of the damage from March to April and October to November are about 22 °C. It is mainly caused by larvae. The adult uses the ovipositor to produce the eggs in the leaves, and many small white spots are formed on the leaves after feeding. After hatching, the larvae sneaked on the leaves and between the epidermis to eat the mesophyll. The ribs and midribs were eaten, and the leaves became transparent plaques. The tracts formed along the veins (Fig. 5), and the sponge tissue under the leaves was also taken. The road (tunnel) is incomplete, and there are black stools arranged irregularly on both sides. The multiple channels are connected to form a large area of ​​brown rot, which often causes the seedlings or plants to die, which is extremely destructive.
3.3 Hummer
1 The morphological characteristics of the thrips of peas are mainly western flower thrips (mainly harmful species, body color pale yellow to brown), flower scorpion horse, smoky horse, yellow scorpion horse, end large hummer, horizontal hummer, etc. The adult body is small and narrow, with a body length of 1.0 to 1.8 mm. It is a small insect with concealment.
2 Occurrence characteristics and regularity Adults lay eggs in thin skin tissues of leaves, flowers and fruits. Adults and nymphs cluster on pea shoots, young leaves, flowers and fruits, and sucking and licking these tissues with sucking mouthparts The sap is sucked, and there are dents or white spots on the victim, which seriously affects the quality of the pea products. After the young heart leaves are damaged, the leaves become slender and can not shrink and form a "rabbit ear shape". Light damage affects growth, flowering and fertilization, and heavy plants grow stagnant, short and yellow. After the flower is damaged, the flower is infertile or not strong.
3.4 Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera litura and Tobacco budworm
1 The morphological characteristics are mainly peas, cowpeas, broad beans, peppers, tomatoes, corn, tobacco and other crops, mainly larvae. Several pests often occur in combination. The body lengths of beet armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fig. 6), Spodoptera litura and Tobacco larvae were 22, 38-50, 30, 30-40 mm, respectively.
2 The characteristics of the damage and the law of the larvae are mainly leafy, biting the stems, petioles, flower buds and pods. When the big occurs, the leaves and tender stems are often eaten, causing serious losses. High temperature, high humidity and dry season are very easy to occur. Adults tend to have strong black light, larvae have pseudo-death, and old larvae have the habit of migration and transfer.
3.5 Little Land Tiger
1 Morphological characteristics The mature larvae are 37-47 mm in length, grayish black, and the surface is covered with particles of different sizes, with two dark brown longitudinal bands.
2 The characteristics of the damage and the larvae of the disease occur, and the stems of the seedlings near the ground are bitten off, causing the plants to die, lacking seedlings and ridges, and destroying the seeds. It can be harmful all year round. Adults tend to have strong black light and sweet and sour liquid, and lay eggs on short weeds. The larvae did not cause much damage before the age of 3, and they lurked in the topsoil during the day after 3 years of age. Old-fashioned larvae have a pseudo-death habit, are shrunk into a ring, prefer a warm and humid environment, low-lying sputum, abundant rain and perennial irrigated areas, as well as soil loose, sandy soil, sticky soil plots suitable for small tigers.
4 pea pest control
4.1 Disease
1 Agricultural control should use disease-resistant varieties according to local conditions; implement non-legume crop rotation, destroy the advantages of pathogen infection, avoid continuous cropping; sow disease-free seeds, soak seeds in warm soup or seed dressing, use 25% to 0.3% of the seed quality of rusting ( Triazodone) wettable powder seed dressing or seed dressing with 0.2% chlorothalonil wettable powder with 0.2% seed amount; reasonable dense planting, clearing ditch drainage, enhancing plant permeability, and timely removing field weeds; Rational fertilization to improve the disease resistance of crops; find the central diseased plants, use them in time (especially soil-borne diseases, root rot, root rot should be timely); clean the fields in time after harvest, burnt leaves Deep buried treatment.
2 Chemical control At present, in the process of controlling pea pests and diseases, chemical pesticides are still an important means of prevention and control. Therefore, the promotion of scientific and rational use of pesticides is a necessary means to ensure the quality and safety of pea products. Different pesticide types and dosage forms are selected depending on the subject to be controlled. In the early stage of pests and diseases, timely and scientific and rational use can not only control pests and diseases, but also reduce environmental pollution. It is the key to scientific and rational use of pesticides by selecting efficient and effective pesticides and adopting correct application methods.
a. Pea powdery mildew. Use 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500-700 times solution, 30% fulfluent (fluoxazole) wettable powder 1 200~1 400 times solution, 10% nitrile emulsifiable concentrate 2 500~3 000 times solution, 75% thirteen morpholine emulsifiable concentrate 6,000 to 8,000 times solution, 40% Fuxing (flusilazole) emulsifiable concentrate 4 000 to 6 000 times solution, 25% oxazolol emulsifiable concentrate 1500 times solution or 50% citrus (ether bacterium) Ester) dry suspension agent 3 000 ~ 4 000 times liquid alternate control, spray 7 to 10 days once, prevention 2 to 3 times.
b. pea brown spot and brown streak disease. Use 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times solution, 80% Dasheng (manganese manganese zinc) wettable powder 600 times solution, 10% Shigao (phenylene ether bixazole) dispersible granules 3 000 times solution, 40 % Fuxing emulsifiable concentrate 4 000 times solution, 40% Xinsheng (myrazole) emulsifiable concentrate 6 000 times solution alternately sprayed, 7 to 10 days once, prevention and treatment 2 to 3 times.
c. Pea blight and root rot. The roots were irrigated with 50% carbendazim WP 500 times solution, 30% methicillin water solution 1000 times solution or 25.9% anti-dry spirit agent 500-600 times solution, and the control was carried out 1 or 2 times.
d. Pea rust. Use 30% fulfluring (fluoxazole) wettable powder 1 200 ~ 1 400 times solution, 15% powder rust WP 1800 ~ 1 200 times solution, 43% lucifer ( tebuconazole) suspension 5 000 ~ 6 1000 times liquid, 25% enemies (propiconazole) emulsifiable concentrate 1 400~1 ​​600 times liquid, 10% nitrile emulsifiable concentrate 2 500~3 000 times liquid or 40% Fuxing emulsifiable concentrate 4 000~6 000 times liquid alternate spray , 7 to 10 days once, prevention 2 to 3 times.
e. Pea yellow top disease. Prevention is the main prevention and prevention of mites. At the beginning of the disease, alternately sprayed foliar fertilizer 1.8% love more (main components are sodium o-nitrophenolate, sodium p-nitrophenolate and sodium 5-nitro-o-methoxyphenol) wettable powder 6 000 times liquid + 2% application Trane (amino oligosaccharide) water agent 1 000 ~ 1500 times liquid, 1% Ningnanmycin water agent 400 ~ 600 times liquid, 20% virus fast killing wettable powder 1 000 ~ 2 000 times liquid, 3.95% Antiviral agent such as virus Becker WP 1500 times solution, once every 10 days, continuous control 3 to 4 times.
4.2 Pests
1 Agricultural control should be based on local conditions to select insect-resistant varieties; rational layout, implementation of rotation, appropriate planting, increase field permeability; winter dig, sun, timely removal of field weeds and damaged leaves, reduce insect sources, timely clean up after harvest The crop residues are intensively burned and buried deeply; the central insect strain (Aphid) is found and removed in time; the pests of the Noctuidae can artificially kill the larvae.
2 Physical control field setting black light to trap the night moth and small ground tiger adult; for the yellowing of the adult Liriomyza huidobrensis, use the yellow card fly paper to trap the adult, generally set 15 points / 667 m2, one card per point, Replace it once every 7 to 10 days; scientifically and reasonably protect the natural enemies of the larvae, the larvae, the larvae, and the larvae. These three parasitic wasps have higher parasitic rates on the larvae, which can inhibit the hatching of eggs and larvae; For the field where the seedlings occur in the thrips, use yellow or blue sticky insect paper to attract insects, 30 to 50 sheets per 667 m2, and the height of the sticky insect paper and the plant growth point should be appropriate; reasonably protect the natural enemies of the thrips .
3 chemical control
a. Cardamom. In the early stage of the drug, 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1 000 ~ 1500 times solution, 20% mobilith (acetazide) soluble powder 2 000 times solution or 1.2% matrine / nicotine emulsifiable concentrate 1 000 times Liquid spray control, alternating use.
b. Liriomyza sinensis. Scientific use of drugs, generally when the affected crop leaves have 3 to 5 larvae, the insect tract is very small (that is, before the larva 2 years old), the control effect is better, with 98% of the Lycopene powder 1500 times, 1.8% Avi Alkaline emulsifiable concentrate 2 500 ~ 3 000 times liquid, 50% chlorfenapyr soluble powder 5,000 times liquid and other alternating spray control, heavy seedling prevention.
c. Hummer. The key control period is generally controlled with 0.3% azadirachtin emulsifiable concentrate 400-600 times liquid and 0.1% matrine suspension agent 1000 times liquid spray; the former is used to treat the soil with phoxim and dichlorvos and cover the film. 2 days; can also use 2.5% polychlortetracycline suspension 1 000 times solution, 10% imidacloprid soluble powder 1 000 ~ 1500 times solution, 5% fipronil emulsifiable concentrate 1 000 ~ 1500 times solution, 18% insecticidal double Alternate spray control of water 200 times solution, 40% dimethoate 1 200 times solution, etc., the best application period from seedling stage to early flowering stage; 20 kg of toxic soil can also be prepared with 25% insecticidal double agent 500 mL. In the seedling stage and early flowering stage, it is sprinkled on the soil around the rhizosphere to control the ground nymph.
d. Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera litura and tobacco worms of the family Noctuidae: scientific use of the drug before the larva 3 years old, 24% of the methoxyfenhydrin suspension 2 000 ~ 3 000 times, 5% Acetamiprid emulsifiable concentrate 800~1 600 times liquid, 5% flubendiamide emulsifiable concentrate 1 600~2000 times liquid, 10% chlorfenapyr suspension agent 900~1 500 times liquid, 10% cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate 1 000~2 000 times liquid , 15% indoxacarb suspension 3 500 ~ 5000 times liquid, 5% guanidine urea emulsifiable oil 1 100 ~ 1500 times liquid alternately used. The new medicament and the conventional medicament are properly used to catch the larvae for the younger age. When the larva enters 3rd instar or the insect population density is high, a digestive or modified pyrethroid agent should be used. The prevention time is selected in the evening and the effect is good, once every 10 days.
e. Little tiger. The bait traps the larvae and generally uses wheat bran and other sacrificial bait 4~5 kg/667 m2+90% trichlorfon 30 times liquid 150 mL+ moderate amount of water and mix well, and sprinkle it on the field ground in the evening. For the harmful habits of 1-3 years old, the 90% trichlorfon original powder 800 times solution, 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 800 times solution or 2.5% deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate 3,000 times solution is sprayed at the initial stage. The soil around the base of the crop is better for evening application.
Finally, remind farmers that farmers should be scientific and reasonable in the use of pesticides to reduce the resistance of pests and diseases. In addition, different types of pesticides should be used interchangeably, especially pay attention to the use of the same type of pesticide in the season crops no more than 3 times. Use safe, efficient, and low-toxic pesticides to avoid excessive pesticide residues.
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