Women need enough food before pregnancy, during pregnancy and after childbirth to get enough nutrients. To maintain their physical needs while providing adequate nutrition for their children. When the mother's diet is not able to provide sufficient nutrients to meet the needs of the fetus or baby, the fetus or infant will use the mother's own nutrient reserve, which will increase the mother's risk of disease, but also affect the growth of the fetus or baby. Therefore, pregnant and breastfeeding women are fully aware that it is very important to take extra foods to meet their needs and the needs of children who are growing and developing.
I. Nutritional status of pregnant women in China
There is no national information on the nutritional status of pregnant women. It has been confirmed that certain trace elements lack or excessively affect the normal development of embryos and even cause congenital malformations and other birth defects. After pregnancy, women must obtain enough nutrients from the diet because of the growth of the fetus and the needs of the pregnant women themselves. The quality of maternal nutrition not only directly affects the growth and development of the fetus, but also is important for the growth of infants and the development of brain cells and the intellectual development of infants. When the supply of nutrients in the pregnant women's diet is insufficient, the fetus must absorb nutrients such as calcium, iron, and protein in the mother's body, resulting in prone to nutritional deficiencies in pregnant women, such as common nutritional anemia and osteomalacia. Maternal malnutrition is likely to cause miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, fetal malformations, etc., and will make fetus dysplasia, low body weight, easy to get sick after birth, high mortality.
(I) Nutritional iron deficiency anemia
Anemia is common in pregnant women, mainly iron deficiency anemia, followed by megaloblastic anemia caused by folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency. At present, nutritional iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiency diseases in the world. Pregnant women are particularly common. It is estimated that about half of the pregnant women in the world have lower than normal hemoglobin levels. The World Health Organization reported that the prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women averaged 51%. The prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnant women in China varies from place to place, usually around 35%.
In China, pregnant women have little or no intake of animal internal organs and animal blood (which is rich in heme iron easily absorbed by the human body) before and during pregnancy. As a result, pregnant women have insufficient storage in their bodies. A lot of data prove that the prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy in urban and rural areas in China is relatively high, with cities above 20% and rural areas up to 40% or more, with an average of more than 30%. The rate of stillbirth in pregnant women with anemia and the incidence of low births were significantly higher. The iron status of pregnant women has a significant effect on fetal body iron stores. Iron deficiency in pregnant women can significantly reduce the amount of iron in the fetus, and infants are susceptible to nutritional iron deficiency anemia. Both the World Health Organization and the World Development Programme have listed iron deficiency anaemia as the focus of global prevention and control. China's health strategy in 2000 also targets pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia as a key project.
(b) osteomalacia and calcium deficiency
In northern regions where there is less sunlight, osteomalacia is mainly caused by a decrease in serum calcium concentration due to vitamin D deficiency. In order to meet the needs of the growth of the fetus has to use maternal bone calcium, resulting in maternal bone calcium deficiency, often back pain, and even spinal and pelvic deformation, the result can cause dystocia.
Due to the lack of milk and its products in traditional Chinese diets, the intake of dietary calcium is far from the recommended supply, and the problem of calcium deficiency in pregnant women is very prominent. According to the National Nutrition Survey in 1992, calcium is the most obvious nutrient in the diet of the Chinese residents. Pregnant women suffer from calcium deficiency. Most pregnant women are accompanied by low back pain, leg cramps and other symptoms; these are suggestive of calcium in middle and late pregnant women. Inadequate intake, including calcium deficiency in the third trimester is more severe than in the early and middle trimester. Numerous studies have confirmed that the lack of calcium intake during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, may have long-term effects on calcium nutrition and bone health in women.
China's Nutrition Society recommends a dietary calcium supply of 1500 mg daily for late pregnant women. However, in recent years, the survey results of pregnant women around the country have shown that the intake of daily dietary calcium in women during the first and third trimester is between 400 and 750 milligrams, which is close to our recommendation. About 50% of the dietary supply is lower during the third trimester. The main cause of calcium deficiency in pregnant women is related to the low intake of milk and its products.
(c) Insufficient vitamin A
In developing countries, vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women is a major public health problem because physiological changes in pregnancy increase pregnant women's vitamin A requirements. Many studies have shown that low vitamin A status in pregnant women is associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and low birth weight. According to the results of the second national nutrition survey in 1992, the national average per capita retinol intake was 476 micrograms, which accounted for 61.7% of the recommended supply, and pregnant women's intake was much lower.
(d) Zinc deficiency
The nutritional status of pregnant women in our country is poor, and zinc deficiency during pregnancy can cause impaired taste in pregnant women. Zinc deficiency in pregnant women not only affects their own immune function, but also affects the growth and development of the fetus, mental development and increase neonatal mortality. According to reports, the prevalence of zinc deficiency among pregnant, pregnant and early pregnant women in Beijing is 6.5%, 20.2%, and 25.7%, respectively, and the birth weight of newborns and the zinc status of their mothers are significant. relationship. In zinc-deficient areas, zinc deficiency in pregnant women can also lead to fetal congenital malformations of the central nervous system, mainly manifested as anencephaly, spina bifida, and the like.
(e) Iodine deficiency
Iodine deficiency, especially for pregnant women, is an important regional issue that is a prominent issue in our country and in the world. In some areas with severe iodine deficiency, the intake of pregnant women can not meet the needs of fetal development, can cause fetal hypothyroidism, severe damage to the fetal brain development, causing cretinism marked by severe mental retardation, Even if iodine deficiency is corrected after birth, the damage is often irreversible. The main clinical manifestations were stay (stupid), small (dwarf), deafness, dumbness, and cramps. There are 420 million people living in iodine-deficient areas in China, accounting for about 40% of the population in the same region in the world.
Since 1993, China has gradually promoted and implemented national salt iodization throughout the country, and established an effective iodized salt production, transportation and sales system, relying on iodized salt to supplement the lack of iodine. Pregnant women must eat seafood. In inland areas that cannot always eat seafood, insisting on eating iodized salt can also achieve the goal of correcting iodine deficiency. In recent years, iodized salt has been popularized in China, and it can provide long-term stable supply of iodine needed by the human body, eliminating the need for additional iodine supplements.
(f) folic acid and neural tube defects
Neural tube malformation is the most common group of congenital malformations of the newborn. The most common are neonatal children and spina bifida. It is one of the major causes of stillbirths and infant deaths in China and one of the most important causes of disability. Through the study of the initial and recurrent cases of neural tube defects both at home and abroad, the common conclusion is that the lack of folic acid in women during early pregnancy may be the main reason for the occurrence of neural tube defects, if women can timely supplement folic acid before pregnancy and early pregnancy. , can effectively prevent the occurrence of most neural tube defects.
According to statistics from the International Birth Defects Monitoring Information Clearinghouse, the incidence of neural tube defects (excluding China) in more than 20 countries around the world has fluctuate between 0.3 and 2.1 ‰, and there are approximately 30 in the world each year. Millions of -400 million cases of neural tube defects occurred. According to the National Birth Defects Surveillance Results from 1987 to 1991 in China, the rate of neural tube deformity in China fluctuates from 2.3 ‰ to 2.8 ‰. It is estimated that the annual incidence of neural tube malformation in China is at least 80,000 - 100,000, and has a high in the north. In the south, rural areas are higher than cities, and summer and autumn are higher than winter and spring.
Therefore, before and during pregnancy, women should take active and effective measures to ensure that their children can grow up healthily, pay attention to balanced diet and reasonable nutrition, and ensure that the dietary intake of nutrients reaches the recommended dietary supply. Scientific practice shows that the improvement of maternal nutrition can indeed improve the health of infants.
Second, dietary advice during pregnancy
The reasonable nutrition of pregnant women should follow and choose a wide range of recipes. To achieve a perfect match, to use meat and vegetables, and to use both vegetables and fruits, it can play a role of comprehensive and reasonable nutrition.
(I) Nutrition during pregnancy should be abundant
The quality and quantity of food during pregnancy should be increased to ensure the needs of pregnant women and the need for fetal growth and development. To avoid partial eclipses, eat more nutritious food than usual. The intake of heat energy is about 8% higher than in the first trimester and about 20% in the second trimester. However, excessive binge eating should also be avoided because too much nutrient intake can make pregnant women obese, too large a fetus can easily lead to dystocia, and may become a cause of gestosis, dystocia, and is associated with future obesity in the middle and old age. . As we all know, obesity is considered to be the cause of a variety of adult diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease.
(B) pay attention to a balanced diet
It refers to the supply of each nutrient, neither too little nor too much, but also diversification, there should be a suitable ratio between various nutrients, can not be a partial eclipse, because the partial eclipse can not maintain a balanced supply of nutrients, likely to cause malnutrition . Actively prevent anaemia, need to eat enough iron-rich foods such as lean meat, fish, vegetables (spinach, etc.), liver, soy products and so on. This not only has a preventive effect on maternal anemia, but it also prevents the adverse effects of anemia on the fetus.
(3) To consume more foods rich in vitamins
Vitamins are indispensable nutrients that regulate the condition of the mother and the growth and development of the fetus. Always eat more fresh vegetables, fruits, seaweeds. These foods also regulate and relieve laxative effects. If constipation occurs during pregnancy, the uterus will be oppressed, and bowel movements will be slowed due to hormones in the body. In this case, the preventive measure is to ingest more fiber-rich foods and drink more milk and lactic acid beverages.
(D) The diet of pregnancy should be different
During the first 3 months of pregnancy, the growth of the fetus is slow, and the required nutrition is almost the same as usual, but you need to overcome the nausea and vomiting reactions, keep your mind relaxed, and insist on eating; when it is difficult to eat, do not force unreasonable eating; when you have an appetite, you must choose Eating food; Under normal circumstances, when pregnancy vomiting is reduced, consider a balanced diet. At 4 to 7 months of pregnancy, the appetite of pregnant women is greatly increased and the growth of the fetus is accelerated. In addition to three meals a day, one can add one in the afternoon.
meal. This period is prone to constipation, should eat more vegetables and fruits; edema is also common, diet should be light, prevent water retention. After pregnancy
In 3 months, the fetus grows particularly fast, and there are also many nutrients to be stored. To eat more animal protein and vitamins, it will have a certain role in the growth of the fetus and postpartum breast-feeding. As the stomach is oppressed, each meal will be eaten. Decrease in volume; increase the number of meals per day by 4- or 5-times, taking care to avoid nutritional deficiencies.
(E) Do not eat unclean and contaminated food
Unclean foods can cause gastroenteritis and dysentery. Contaminated foods not only have carcinogenic effects but also can induce fetal malformations.
(6) Do not eat salty, too sweet or greasy food
Salty foods can cause or aggravate edema, and may be related to the occurrence of gestosis. Too sweet or too greasy food can cause obesity. The salt and salt must be added to the dishes and soups eaten by pregnant women. Also pay attention to processed foods that usually contain more salt.
(7) Don't eat irritating food
Such as strong tea, coffee, wine and spicy seasonings, especially after 7 months of pregnancy, to avoid ingesting these foods as much as possible. These irritating foods are detrimental to pregnant women and can dry stools, which can cause or aggravate acne. People with smoking and drinking habits must absolutely smoke and drink alcohol when pregnant for the health of the baby.
Conclusion
For pregnant mothers and women who want to be mothers, for your present and future health, you can have a smart, healthy and lively baby. Please note that from the beginning of pregnancy to the end of breastfeeding, to ensure adequate nutrition. Because during this period, the mother undergoes a series of physiological adjustment processes. This physiological adjustment process directly affects the maternal nutritional needs, and indirectly affects later milk secretion and infant health. Therefore, nutrition during pregnancy and lactation has important significance for maternal health and the normal physical and mental development of infants and young children. Emphasis on nutrition during pregnancy is the foundation of a child's life and it must be taken seriously.
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